Sernav\u00ea resen: (They All Made Peace \u2013 What Is Peace? The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order)<\/p>\n
Niv\u00eeskar: Komeka niv\u00eeskaran<\/p>\n
Ed\u00eetor\u00ee: Jonathan Konalin \u00fb Ozan Ozveci<\/p>\n
We\u015fan: Zan\u00eengeha Chicagoy\u00ea, Pirt\u00fbkxaneya Kingoy\u00ea 2023<\/p>\n
Hejmara r\u00fbpelan: 480<\/p>\n
L\u00eaveger: Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan-2023<\/p>\n
Pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem, Lozan peymana daw\u00ee ya a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb d\u00fbr\u00ee r\u00eabaz\u00ean ku di peymana Versailles\u00ea da hatib\u00fb bikaran\u00een. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, r\u00eabazek\u00ee n\u00fb y\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirina a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea bi r\u00eaya pevguhartina bi dar\u00ea zor\u00ea ya nif\u00fbs\u00ea bi kar an\u00ee \u00fb di encam\u00ea da bandor li ser 1.5 milyon mirov kir. Her wiha, wek\u00ee hevalbend\u00ean xwe Almanya \u00fb Awusturya, \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee ya t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fby\u00ee, di destp\u00eaka a\u015fit\u00eeya ku sala 1920\u00ee da hatib\u00fb ferizkirin, raz\u00ee b\u00fb. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, di nava du salan da, xebat\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee y\u00ean bi fermandar\u00eeya Mustefa Kemal hi\u015ft ku Tirk\u00eeya bibe yekem\u00een dewleta xwed\u00ee serwer\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een. Di heman dem\u00ea da, Y\u00fbnanistan, ermen, ereb \u00fb kurdan \u00fb civak\u00ean din ku ber\u00ea di bin serwer\u00eeya \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee da b\u00fbn, hewl dan ku away\u00ean xwe y\u00ean taybet di serwer\u00ee \u00fb serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea da \u00e7\u00eakin, ku ev yek li gor\u00ee Lozan\u00ea hate redkirin, l\u00ea ne\u00e7ar b\u00fbn ku bi encam\u00ean ber\u00ea ra bij\u00een \u00fb y\u00ean ku heta niha pi\u015ft\u00ee derbasb\u00fbna sedsal\u00ee derdikevin j\u00ee.<\/p>\n
Pirt\u00fbk bi nirxandineka d\u00eerok\u00ee ji gelek al\u00ee \u00fb n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean ve balk\u00ea\u015f e. Di be\u015f\u00ean pirt\u00fbk\u00ea da, behsa siyaset\u00ean Bir\u00eetanya, Tirk\u00eeya \u00fb Sovyet\u00ea di c\u00eehan\u00ea da pi\u015ft\u00ee osman\u00eeyan t\u00ea kirin; ku t\u00ea da pevguhartineka dar\u00ea zor\u00ea ya nif\u00fbs\u00ea di oxira \u00e7\u00eakirina a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea da heb\u00fb, l\u00ea gelo k\u00eejan a\u015fit\u00ee? Wek\u00ee ku di sernav\u00ea pirt\u00fbk\u00ea y\u00ea bi pirsgir\u00eak da hatiye gotin ku ew a\u015fit\u00ee mirov dikare wek\u00ee r\u00eabazek\u00ee qirkirina etn\u00eek\u00ee binirx\u00eene. Her wiha, di be\u015f\u00ean din da j\u00ee, faktor\u00ean abor\u00ee ku b\u00fbne sedema vegerandina derengxistina deyn\u00ean osman\u00eeyan \u00fb bir\u00eavebirina herik\u00eena penaberan \u00fb siyaset\u00ean petrol\u00ea, hatin n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin. Di heman dem\u00ea da, di be\u015f\u00ean din da n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean ereban, ermen, Amer\u00eeka \u00fb \u00ceran\u00ea \u00fb bandora dir\u00eaj a ku Lozan\u00ea li ser siyaseta hemdem di h\u00fbndir \u00fb dervay\u00ea Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea da kiriye, hatine vegotin.<\/p>\n
Pirt\u00fbk dabe\u015f\u00ee 5 be\u015fan dibe, her yek t\u00ea da gelek l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean hene ku mijar\u00ean sereke t\u00ea da ev in:<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea yekem da ku p\u00eanaseya w\u00ea ev (Ji s\u00eestema \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea b\u00fb s\u00eestemeka din) di be\u015f\u00ea bisernav\u00ea: Maf\u00ea k\u00eamneteweyan \u00fb qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee di Lozan\u00ea da,\u00a0 Amy Genel l\u00eakol\u00eenek derbar\u00ea n\u00ear\u00eena saz\u00eeya Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ji daw\u00eeya serdema osman\u00ee ya derengmay\u00ee heta destp\u00eaka komar\u00ea heta k\u00eamnetewe \u00fb qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir. Li gor l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea, dema ku d\u00eeroknas bi navendb\u00fbna qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee di x\u00eetaba d\u00eeplomat\u00eek a osman\u00ee ya dereng da pejirandin, \u00e7av\u00ea xwe li saz\u00eeyeka osman\u00ee ya gir\u00eeng di demeka dereng da girtin, ku hi\u015ft qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee bibe mijara sereke ya siyaset\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean derve. Ev gotar di niv\u00eesgeha \u015f\u00eawirmend\u00ea qan\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ea Wezareta Derve ya Osman\u00ee (hukuk m\u00fc\u015favirli\u011fi isti\u015fare odasi) \u00fb par\u00eazger\u00ean navdewlet\u00ee da, ku di serdema hem\u00eed\u00eeyan heta destp\u00eaka sal\u00ean 20\u00ee ya serdsala bor\u00ee da kar kirine, t\u00ea d\u00eetin.<\/p>\n
Ev p\u00eavajo j\u00ee ya ku rola qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee di bikaran\u00eena dewlet\u00ea da bi awayek\u00ee mezin t\u00ea da hat guhartin. Her wiha bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene ku\u00a0 par\u00eazer\u00ean osman\u00eeyan bi awayek\u00ee er\u00ean\u00ee li qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee din\u00earin, wek\u00ee r\u00eabazek\u00ee lawazan di piran\u00eeya p\u00eavajoya l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea da. L\u00ea di sal\u00ean ber\u00eeya \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem da, co\u015fa osman\u00ee ji bo qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb, bi \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa dag\u00eerker\u00eey\u00ea ya \u00cetalyay\u00ea li ser L\u00eebyay\u00ea \u00fb \u015fer\u00ea Balkan\u00ea. Her wiha, par\u00eazer\u00ean navdewlet\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee z\u00eade pi\u015ftgir\u00ee dan xebat\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee li \u015f\u00fbna rewab\u00fbn\u00ea, ji ber ku ba\u015ftir\u00een r\u00eabaz\u00ea garant\u00eeya siberoja dewlet\u00ea ye. Pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem, ev kes\u00ean par\u00eazvan\u00ean ber\u00ea y\u00ean \u00cemperator\u00eey\u00ea xwe di nava komeka xwed\u00ee helwest\u00ean cur bi cur li hember\u00ee siberoja dewleta Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ya n\u00fb da d\u00eetin: Xemsar\u00eeya netewey\u00ee, an j\u00ee berxwedan, an j\u00ee sirg\u00fbn, b\u00fb endezyar\u00eeya s\u00eestema ni\u015ftiman\u00ee.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea (Plan\u00ean Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea y\u00ean ji bo \u00eemperator\u00eeya rojhilat\u00ea Deryaya Nav\u00een a n\u00fb) da, Eric Goldstein behsa \u00e7awan\u00eeya p\u00eakan\u00eena\u00a0 plana \u00e7areserkirina a\u015fit\u00eeyane ya Bir\u00eetanyaya Mezin dike, ku n\u00fbner\u00ean bir\u00eetan\u00ee dikar\u00eeb\u00fbn bigih\u00eajin r\u00eagez\u00ean sereke ku bi awayek\u00ee rast li gor\u00ee hizira bir\u00eetan\u00ee derbar\u00ea s\u00eestema pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer, bi r\u00ea ve di\u00e7\u00fb. Ev r\u00eagez wiha b\u00fbn: Ewropaya n\u00fb, hevseng\u00eeya h\u00eaz\u00ean n\u00fb \u00fb berfirehb\u00fbna \u00eemperator\u00ee. Ev l\u00eakol\u00eeneka k\u00fbr derbar\u00ea siyaseta derve ya Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea di sal\u00ean dijwar da b\u00fb. Her wiha, di v\u00ee be\u015f\u00ee da behsa siyaseta Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea ya derbar\u00ea Ewropaya rojavay\u00ee \u00fb rojhilat\u00ee, R\u00fbsya, Trik\u00eeya, Rojhilata Nav\u00een, Amer\u00eeka \u00fb Rojhilata D\u00fbr \u00fb li k\u00ealeka w\u00ea j\u00ee mijar\u00ean wek\u00ee rola serokwez\u00eer \u00fb wez\u00eer\u00ea derve \u00fb enc\u00fbmena wez\u00eeran di formulasyona siyasetan da, t\u00ea kirin.<\/p>\n
D\u00eeyar e ku mijara rojhilat, ew berpirsgir\u00eaka demdir\u00eaj a t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean navdewlet\u00ee derbar\u00ea \u00e7aren\u00fbsa \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee hate \u00e7areserkirin; ku j\u00eeyopol\u00eet\u00eeka rojhilat\u00ea Deryaya Sp\u00ee hate guhartin. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, dewlet\u00ean ku bermah\u00eey\u00ean \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee w\u00ea pi\u015ftrast bikin ku di sal\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f da ew t\u00eakeleka tevlihev e \u00fb bih\u00eale ku diplomat\u00eeka h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin ber\u00ea xwe bidin w\u00ea. Y\u00fbnanistan ne\u00e7ar kir ku pi\u015ft\u00ee hewldaneka pi\u00e7\u00fbk a vegerandina serfiraz\u00eeya \u00cemperator\u00eeya B\u00eezan\u00ea ya kevnar, gav bi pa\u015f da bav\u00eaje. Her wiha, komara Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ya n\u00fb derket hol\u00ea ku xwed\u00ee hestek\u00ee xurt a netewey\u00ee ye. Dihate texm\u00eenkirin ku t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean van her du dewletan heta sal\u00ean 50y\u00ee ji sedsala bor\u00ee da, bi ai\u015ft\u00ee derbas b\u00fb. L\u00ea dijminah\u00eeya ku di \u015fer\u00ea Y\u00fbnanistan \u00fb Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea 1919-1922yan da giha\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe,\u00a0 li k\u00ealeka w\u00ea dijwarb\u00fbna bandora w\u00ea, hi\u015ft ku ev t\u00eakil\u00ee di dir\u00eajah\u00eeya sal\u00ean may\u00ee y\u00ean sedsala bor\u00ee da, bi aloz be. Li Rojhilata Nav\u00een j\u00ee, Bir\u00eetanya \u00fb Fransa wek\u00ee du h\u00eaz\u00ean serdest derketin hol\u00ea. Tev\u00ee ku di gelek dozan da li cih\u00ean cuda hevkar\u00eeya wan berdewam kir, l\u00ea herdem wek\u00ee du h\u00eaz\u00ean rikber \u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee di Rojhilata Nav\u00een da b\u00fbn. Ji ber \u015fer, zirareka mezin giha\u015ft Bir\u00eetanya \u00fb Fransay\u00ea \u00fb ten\u00ea di dest\u00ea wan da \u00e7avkan\u00eey\u00ean hindik mab\u00fbn ku serwer\u00eeya li ser c\u00eehana li Rojhilata Nav\u00een a ku n\u00fb hatiye afirandin bikin. \u00cad\u00ee rasp\u00ear\u00ee b\u00fb barek\u00ee din \u00ea li ser Bir\u00eetanya \u00fb Fransay\u00ea, ku milet\u00ea wan li dij wan derketin. C\u00eehana rojhilat\u00ea Deryaya Sp\u00ee di t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean navdewlet\u00ee da pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer w\u00ea herdem bibe pirsgir\u00eak wek\u00ee sedsala ber\u00eeya w\u00ea. Ji gelek al\u00eeyan ve, lihevhatin\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer, wek\u00ee p\u00eavajoyeka n\u00fb \u00fb be\u015fek ji mijara rojhilat\u00ea ya kevnar b\u00fb.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea (Li bara Kongreya Lozan\u00ea: Yekit\u00eeya Sovyet\u00ea \u00fb awartey\u00ean s\u00eestema navdewlet\u00ee ya pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem) Samuel Hirst \u00fb Etienne Berat bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eenin ku \u00e7areser\u00eeya di Lozan\u00ea da 24\u00ea t\u00eermeha 1923yan giha\u015ftine, derbar\u00ea tengavan ku yek ji r\u00eabaz\u00ean peymana Lozan\u00ea ya a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea bi Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ra ku li gor\u00ee berjewend\u00eeya Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea ye. Bi awayek\u00ee pirat\u00eek, tengav b\u00ea \u00e7ek b\u00fbn \u00fb dest\u00fbr ji h\u00eaz\u00ean derve ra hat day\u00een ku ke\u015ft\u00eey\u00ean xwe r\u00eakin Deryaya Re\u015f, l\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee s\u00eenordarkir\u00ee ku tu h\u00eaz nikare ke\u015ft\u00eeyeka ku bar\u00ea xwe ji asta ke\u015ft\u00eey\u00ean Soveyet\u00ea y\u00ean di Deryaya Re\u015f\u00ea da mezintir r\u00eabike, v\u00ea yek\u00ea hi\u015ft ku Bir\u00eetanya \u00fb Fransay\u00ea duqat bar r\u00ea bike.<\/p>\n
Li R\u00fbsyay\u00ea ne wek\u00ee faktorek\u00ee aram\u00eey\u00ea dihat d\u00eetin, l\u00ea bel\u00ea wek\u00ee gefeka sereke ya bo aram\u00eey\u00ea dihat d\u00eetin. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, n\u00eaz\u00eekat\u00eeya alman \u00fb Sovyet\u00ea sala 1922yan, b\u00fb cih\u00ea fikareka mezin \u00fb b\u00fb sedemeka sereke li tevger\u00ean ku pi\u015ft ra r\u00fb dan, ji bo jin\u00fbvevejandina Almanyay\u00ea \u00fb di encam\u00ea da ji R\u00fbsyay\u00ea veqit\u00eenin.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea bi sernav\u00ea (peymana Lozan\u00ea di \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean bi nakok y\u00ean siyaseta c\u00eehan\u00ee da) Cemal Aydin bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene ku p\u00eerozkirina peymana Lozan\u00ea ya sala 1923yan di vegotina d\u00eerok\u00ee ya Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ya ferm\u00ee da, wek\u00ee belgeya damezrandina komara n\u00fbjen e.\u00a0 Her wiha, ew wek\u00ee bingeha reform\u00ean rojavaya rad\u00eekal \u00fb sekular\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee sala 1923yan dib\u00eene, wek\u00ee rakirina x\u00eelafet\u00ea, guhartina alfabey\u00ea \u00fb bikaran\u00eena qan\u00fbn\u00ean siv\u00eel \u00ean sw\u00eel, ku di encam\u00ea da qutb\u00fbnek ji d\u00eeroka tirk\u00ee ya \u00eemperator\u00ee \u00fb \u00eeslam\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakir, da ku zem\u00eena li p\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya avakriina dewleteka ewropay\u00ee ya n\u00fbjen \u00e7\u00eabike. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee gelek nakok\u00ee di p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirina Lozan\u00ea da hene, ku wek\u00ee qutb\u00fbnek ji rew\u015fa \u00eeslam\u00ee ya gi\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb mijara rojhilat, ji ber ku fermandar\u00ean \u015fer\u00ea serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea ya Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea di nav da j\u00ee Kemal \u00fb Ismet, di deh sal\u00ean ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea da, di t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena li dij yekb\u00fbna \u00eeslam\u00ea ya emperal\u00eezm da, bi rihet b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n
Wan x\u00eetab\u00ean xwe y\u00ean \u00eeslam\u00ee tev li hev kirin \u00fb qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee ya b\u00eaal\u00eeb\u00fbna xirstiyan\u00ee li dij\u00ee mislimanan \u00fb bang\u00ean naskirina serwer\u00eeya Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea, ji xwe ra esas ghirtin. \u015eanda Lozan\u00ea ji p\u00ea\u015f\u00eey\u00ean xwe y\u00ean osman\u00ee ne pir c\u00fbda b\u00fb. L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean derbar\u00ea d\u00eeroka c\u00eehan\u00ee ya \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fdaraz\u00eeya n\u00eejad\u00ee ya milslimanan \u00fb nasnameya \u00eeslam\u00ea ku s\u00eenor\u00ea ni\u015ftiman\u00ee \u00fb qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee di f\u00eamkirina gir\u00eadana di navbera \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean rikber \u00fb gir\u00eaday\u00ee hev derbar\u00ea Lozan\u00ea da derbas dike, bi me ra bibe al\u00eekar. Gelo \u00e7ima peymana Lozan\u00ea ji bo al\u00eegir\u00ean \u00eeslam\u00ea \u00fb t\u00eeyor\u00eey\u00ean emperal\u00eezm\u00ea y\u00ean xwed\u00ee navendb\u00fbna ewropay\u00ee y\u00ean neteweperest\u00ee \u00fb sekular\u00ee gelek gir\u00eeng d\u00eeyar dibe? Di v\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea da, w\u00ea nakok\u00eey\u00ean vegotin\u00ean rikber derbar\u00ea peymana Lozan\u00ea da bi r\u00eaya balki\u015fandina ser vegotina netewey\u00ee ya \u00eeslam\u00ea, nexasim t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean destber\u00eekir\u00ee bi vegotina osman\u00ee ewropay\u00ee y\u00ean ku gir\u00eeng\u00eey\u00ea didin xwexurtkirin\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7eksazkirin\u00ean \u015faristan\u00eey\u00ea (n\u00fbjen), werin n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin.<\/p>\n
L\u00ea be\u015f\u00ea duyem \u00ea bi sernav\u00ea\u00a0 (hazirb\u00fbna nehazir) gelek l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean cuda t\u00ea da hene. Di be\u015f\u00ea (n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ean derbar\u00ea welat\u00ea netewey\u00ee y\u00ea ermenan di Kongreya Lozan\u00ea da \u00fb s\u00eenor\u00ea hevj\u00eeyan\u00eey\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee qirkirina kom\u00ee) da, Lerna \u00cekemcioglu behsa plana ermenan \u00fb bandora w\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7ima t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb, dike. Her wiha, Lerna bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene ku rola ermenan wek\u00ee erka xeyal\u00ee ya zanist\u00ee, ji ber ku projeya w\u00ea mir\u00ee b\u00fb \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fn\u00eeyaz dikir ku desetwerdanek di d\u00eerokkkirna pevguhartina \u00e7\u00ean\u00eeyan b\u00ea kirin \u00fb ji n\u00fb re t\u00eakelb\u00fbna netewyan ji hev cuda bike.<\/p>\n
Di serokat\u00eeya \u015fanda ermenan a yekb\u00fby\u00ee da, Myatsial Padviragutyun \u00fb Gabriel Noradongyan li ser nav\u00ea ermen\u00ean Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea \u00fb li ser nav\u00ea ermen\u00ean R\u00fbsyay\u00ea Ovad\u00ees Aharonian amade b\u00fbn. P\u00ea\u015finyaz kir ku her\u00eameka xweser \u00fb b\u00ea\u00e7ek di h\u00fbndir\u00ea Asyaya Pi\u00e7\u00fbk da were avakirin, ango welatek\u00ee netewey\u00ee ji bo ermenan, an j\u00ee li ba\u015f\u00fbr an j\u00ee li rojhilat\u00ea Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea, ku kes\u00ean ji qirkirina kom\u00ee ya ermenan rizgar b\u00fbne vegerin \u00fb kom\u00ee ser hev bibin \u00fb \u00e7anda xwe bipar\u00eazin \u00fb hest bi ewleh\u00eey\u00ea bikin. H\u00eaz\u00ean mezin plana wan red kirin, ji ber ku \u015fanda tirkyay\u00ee ev proje bi temam\u00ee red kir; ji ber ku tirk tirs\u00eeyan ku projeya ermenan wek\u00ee r\u00eayek\u00ea ji bo destwerdana di kar\u00fbbar\u00ean h\u00fbndir\u00een \u00ean Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea da, were bikaran\u00een.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea binsernav\u00ea (D\u00fbrxistina ereban di Lozan\u00ea da: R\u00ea\u00e7areyeka d\u00eerok\u00ee ya gir\u00eeng e) Elizabeth F. Thompson bir\u00eave\u00e7\u00fby\u00eena siyas\u00ee ku kom\u00ean ereban \u00ean cih\u00eareng pi\u015ft\u00ee cotmeha 1918an bi kar an\u00een, \u015firove kir. Di Lozan\u00ea da, mijar\u00ean ji bo ereban gir\u00eeng hatin n\u00eeqa\u015fkirin, l\u00ea ne bi amadeb\u00fbna wan. Her wiha, encam dide ku vegerandina Lozan\u00ea di d\u00eeroka ereban a c\u00eehan\u00ee da ya berfireh mijareka p\u00eaw\u00eest e, ji ber sedem\u00ean ku di bin s\u00eewana d\u00eektator\u00ean \u00eero da dij\u00een, dibe ku salvegera \u00e7alakvan\u00ean siv\u00eel \u00ean ku parastina demokras\u00eey\u00ea ji z\u00eadetir\u00ee sed salan kirine, bib\u00eer b\u00eenin.<\/p>\n
Neteweperest\u00ean ereb Ii dij tirkan ser\u00ee hildan \u00fb bir\u00eetan\u00eeyan destek dane \u015fer\u00ea ereban ji bo dewleteka serbixwe \u00fb efserek\u00ee \u00eest\u00eexbarat\u00ea Lornas r\u00eakirin da ku tev li M\u00eer Feysel fermandar\u00ea art\u00ea\u015fa ereban bibe. Di mijdara 1918an da, Feysel \u00fb Lornas \u00fb ereb bi awayek\u00ee serkeft\u00ee ketin nava \u015eam\u00ea \u00fb hik\u00fbmeteka dest\u00fbr\u00ee li S\u00fbr\u00eeyaya Mezin a serbixwe ragihandin.<\/p>\n
Di kongreya Par\u00ees\u00ea ya a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea da, Feysel pi\u015ftgir\u00ee ji serok Wilson wergirt \u00ea ku kom\u00eeteyeka amer\u00eekay\u00ee \u015fand S\u00fbr\u00eeyay\u00ea da ku daxwaz\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean gel\u00ea w\u00ea bi\u015fop\u00eene. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, fermandar\u00ean hevalbend\u00eey\u00ean din li Par\u00ees\u00ea \u00fb pi\u015ftre li San Remoy\u00ea li dij dewleteka ereban plan kir \u00fb raspartin ragihandin. Tev\u00ee ku kongreya ereb\u00ee ya s\u00fbr\u00eeyay\u00ee serxweb\u00fbn ragihand \u00fb Feysel b\u00fb m\u00eer, l\u00ea Fransa \u00fb Bir\u00eetan\u00eeya red kirin ku hik\u00fbmeta \u015eam\u00ea nas bikin \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea s\u00eestema raspartin\u00ea li ser kanton\u00ean ereban \u00ean gir\u00eaday\u00ee \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee ya t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fby\u00ee feriz kirin, bi bihaneya ku ereb h\u00eena ji bo xweser\u00eey\u00ea ne amade ne. Di p\u00eavajoya raspartin\u00ea da fransizan di n\u00eesana 1920\u00ee da S\u00fbr\u00eeya dag\u00eer kir \u00fb hik\u00fbmeta ereb\u00ee t\u00eak bir \u00fb Feysel \u00fb fermandar\u00ean kongrey\u00ea sirg\u00fbn kirin.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea s\u00eayem \u00ea bi sernav\u00ea (P\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirina tew\u00eezan) da, gelek l\u00eakol\u00een heb\u00fbn wek\u00ee be\u015f\u00ea bi sernav\u00ea (petrol li ser maf\u00ea ermenan: Veguher\u00eena Lozan\u00ea di sal\u00ean 20\u00ee ya sedsala bor\u00ee da \u00fb t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean Amer\u00eekay\u00ea bi Rojhilata Nav\u00een ra) ya Andrew Patrick b\u00fb ku di l\u00eakol\u00eena xwe da behs dike ku \u00e7awa \u015fer\u00ea mezin \u00ea dir\u00eaj li ser axa osman\u00eeyan guhartineka k\u00fbr di t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean Amer\u00eekay\u00ea bi Rojhilata Nav\u00een ra \u00e7\u00eakirin. Tev\u00ee ku serok Wilson hat raz\u00eekirin ku a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea bi \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee ra di dema \u015fer da dewam bike, l\u00ea lob\u00eey\u00ea amer\u00eekay\u00ee ya xirist\u00eeyan\u00eeya teb\u015f\u00eer\u00ee nikar\u00eeb\u00fb bir\u00eaveber\u00eeya Harding qani bike ku destek\u00ea bide avakirina dewleteka ermenan li rojhilat\u00ea Anadolyay\u00ea. Ji berjewend\u00eey\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee li welatan \u00fb w\u00eelayet\u00ean n\u00fb li her\u00eam\u00ea, hi\u015ftin ku gir\u00eeng\u00eey\u00ea destp\u00eak\u00ea bidin metoda bazirgan\u00ee li her\u00eam\u00ea, ku wek\u00ee h\u00eamaneka gir\u00eeng di siyaseta Amer\u00eekay\u00ea heta roja me ya \u00eero da maye.<\/p>\n
Tev\u00ee ku Amer\u00eeka hewl da be\u015fdarb\u00fbna xwe ya nava kongreya Lozan\u00ea\u00a0 s\u00eenordar bike, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea da, ew ji bo parastina berjwend\u00eey\u00ean xwe y\u00ean siyas\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een bi israr b\u00fb. Ji ber k\u00eamb\u00fbna sotemn\u00eey\u00ea di dema \u015fer\u00ea mezin da \u00fb bikaran\u00eena z\u00eade ya erebeyan, gelek amer\u00eekay\u00ee ji \u201cbir\u00e7\u00eeb\u00fbna benz\u00een\u00ea\u201d pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer ditirs\u00eeyan, ku ji al\u00eey\u00ea \u015fer\u00eeket\u00ean petrol\u00ea y\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee y\u00ean mezin hate xerckirin, wek\u00ee be\u015fek ji \u015fer\u00ea petrol\u00ea y\u00ea xeyal\u00ee di navbera Amer\u00eeka \u00fb Bir\u00eetan\u00eeyay\u00ea wek\u00ee r\u00eabazek\u00ee reva ji xet\u00ean petrol\u00ea y\u00ean bir\u00eetan\u00ee ku \u00eed\u00eea kir ku bi israr e serwer\u00eey\u00ea li ser xet\u00ean petrol\u00ea li Amer\u00eekay\u00ea bike. Li gor\u00ee r\u00eageza amer\u00eekay\u00ee, \u00e7\u00eanabe ku tu h\u00eaz bi ser\u00ea xwe, xwed\u00ee taybetmend\u00eey\u00ean abor\u00ee y\u00ean taybet e, ku x\u00eazek di bin s\u00eestema her\u00eam\u00ean serwer\u00eey\u00ea ber\u00eeya \u015fer da, x\u00eaz dike.<\/p>\n
Li Lozan\u00ea, tirkan jin\u00fbveday\u00eena xeta tir\u00ean\u00ea \u00fb petrola xam a sala 1910an a admiral\u00ea karbes \u00ea amer\u00eekay\u00ee Colby Mitchell Chester, vej\u00een kir. Ev wek\u00ee te\u015fw\u00eeqek b\u00fb ji bo \u015fanda amer\u00eekay\u00ee ku petrol\u00ea bixe ber\u00eeya mitirs\u00eey\u00ean mirovah\u00ee (cezakirina kujer\u00ean qirkirina kom\u00ee \u00fb avakirina welatek\u00ee netewey\u00ee y\u00ea ermenan di h\u00fbndir\u00ea Andolyay\u00ea da), di encam\u00ea da \u00e7avd\u00ear\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee li Lozan\u00ea li dij hevalbend\u00ean xwe y\u00ean bir\u00eetan\u00ee \u00fb fransiz derketin. Ji bo ermenan bixwe j\u00ee ku wek\u00ee gelek\u00ee bi dijwar \u00ea\u015f ki\u015fand, h\u00eav\u00eey\u00ean wan di fikira Wilson a d\u00eeyarkirina \u00e7aren\u00fbs\u00ea \u00fb siberojeka ba\u015ftir di h\u00fbndir\u00ea s\u00eenor\u00ea raspartina amer\u00eekay\u00ee ya \u00e7avfireh a Wilson da, t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea (Pirsgir\u00eaka M\u00fbsil\u00ea: Lozan \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea) da, Sara \u015e\u00eeldiz di xebat\u00ean kom\u00eeteya taybet a bi M\u00fbsil\u00ea da ku Netewey\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem r\u00ea kir, n\u00eeqa\u015f dike. Her wiha, kom\u00eete hate erkdarkirin ku bin\u00earin eger par\u00eazgeha M\u00fbsil\u00ea bibe be\u015fek ji komara Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ya n\u00fb an j\u00ee ji Iraqa di bin rasparina Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea da. R\u00eageza sereke\u00a0 ji w\u00ea ra hizirek\u00ee n\u00fb b\u00fb ya d\u00eeyarkirina \u00e7aren\u00fbsa netewey\u00ee b\u00fb. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, xelk\u00ea M\u00fbsil\u00ea, wek\u00ee mezheb\u00ean din \u00ean osman\u00ee gir\u00eaday\u00ee kom\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ean pirreng b\u00fbn \u00fb bi r\u00eaya malbat, cih, p\u00ee\u015fe \u00fb \u00eedeoloj\u00eey\u00ea dihatin d\u00eeyarkirin. T\u00eageh\u00ean pirreng \u00ean nasnamey\u00ea, li dij nim\u00fbneya dewlet\u00ea netewey\u00ee ya ku v\u00ea daw\u00eey\u00ea Netewey\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee bicih kir. Xebat\u00ean ku ji bo d\u00eeyarkirina gir\u00eadanan li ser esas\u00ea kategor\u00eeya ewropay\u00ee hatine kirin, pi\u015ftrast kirin ku gir\u00eadan\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb netewey\u00ee y\u00ean dijber\u00ee gir\u00eadan\u00ean osman\u00ee y\u00ean kevnar ji bo M\u00fbsil\u00ea, di destp\u00eak\u00ea da tevl\u00eehev b\u00fb \u00fb pi\u015ftra ji bo n\u00fbneran pir xemg\u00een b\u00fb.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea 4an da \u00ea bi nav\u00ea (Veguhastina mirovan) gelek be\u015f ku siyaset\u00ean veguhestina mirovan n\u00eeqa\u015f dike, wek\u00ee be\u015f\u00ea bi nav\u00ea (qan\u00fbna navdewlet\u00ee \u00fb veguhestina nif\u00fbsa y\u00fbnan\u00ee-b\u00fblgar\u00ee \u00fb y\u00fbnan\u00ee tirk\u00ee). T\u00ea da Leonard F.Smith bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene ku \u00e7awa xebat\u00ean veguhestina mirovan di d\u00eerok\u00ea da xizmeta hik\u00fbmetan kiriye, wek\u00ee r\u00eabazek\u00ee p\u00eakan\u00eena armanc\u00ean ewlekar\u00ee y\u00ea netewey\u00ee an j\u00ee armanc\u00ean s\u00eestem\u00ea. Veguhestina nif\u00fbs\u00ea rew\u015feka taybet a m\u00eena van guhartinan e. Li vir, dewlet destwerdana hevpeymana hik\u00fbm\u00ee ya navdewlet\u00ee kir t\u00ea da al\u00eey\u00ean hevpeyman\u00ea biryar\u00ea didin ku veguhestineka dildar\u00ee an j\u00ee ne dildar\u00ee ya nif\u00fbs\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadibe. Dibe ku m\u00eenaka her\u00ee gir\u00eeng \u00ea v\u00ea kiryar\u00ea veguhastina nif\u00fbsa y\u00fbnan\u00ee-tirk\u00ee ku sala 1923yan li Lozan\u00ea li ser li hev kirin.\u00a0 Di v\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea da, b\u00fbyer\u00ean ku hi\u015ft ev hevpeyman p\u00eak were, bi b\u00eer t\u00eene ku di bingeh\u00ea xwe da rewab\u00fbnek da yek ji karaset\u00ean mirovah\u00ee y\u00ean her\u00ee mezin di w\u00ea dem\u00ea da, ji bo \u00e7areserkirina pirsgir\u00eaka k\u00eamneteweya y\u00fbnan\u00ee-tirk\u00ee ya bi gir\u00eak\u00ea bi carek\u00ea \u00fb heta hetay\u00ea, ku xwe dispart protokol\u00ean kongrey\u00ea. Di rast\u00eey\u00ea da, veguhastin b\u00ea dil\u00ea wan hate ferizkirin \u00fb li dij daxwaz\u00ean k\u00eamnetewey\u00ean ku zirar d\u00eetine ev veguhestin \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb \u00fb ev yek j\u00ee binp\u00eakirineka e\u015fkere ya s\u00eestema navdewlet\u00ee ya maf\u00ean mirovan e.<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea (A\u015fit\u00eeya kamp\u00eetalizm\u00ea? Pere \u00fb karkirin \u00fb jin\u00fbvebicihkirina penaberan) da, Laura Robson n\u00eeqa\u015f dike ku \u00e7awa ji ber sedem\u00ean mirovah\u00eey\u00ea \u00fb kamp\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea tevl\u00eehev b\u00fbb\u00fbn di dema p\u00ea\u015fketin \u00fb p\u00eakan\u00eena siyaset\u00ean penaxwaz\u00eey\u00ea di sal\u00ean 20\u00ee y\u00ean sedsala bor\u00ee da.\u00a0 Di v\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea da, Robson l\u00eakol\u00een dike ku \u00e7awa Fridtjon Nansen hat da ku kiryar\u00ean ku bip\u00ea\u015fxistine dema ku d\u00eel\u00ean \u015fer r\u00eakirin welat\u00ea wan di \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ean cuda da \u00ean gir\u00eaday\u00ee r\u00fbs\u00ean ko\u00e7ber \u00fb avakirina siyaseta Netewey\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee ji ber ku ji xwe ra rolek derbar\u00ea penaberan da d\u00eet. Bond\u00ean ku benka Ingl\u00eezan \u00fb dewleta Y\u00fbnanistan\u00ea derxistine ji bo f\u00eenansekirina bicihb\u00fbna wan y\u00fbnan\u00ean osman\u00ee y\u00ean penaber, pevguhartina \u015f\u00ean\u00eeyan li Lozan\u00ea bi mebesta ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezma taybet rolek w\u00ea di v\u00ea projey\u00ea da heye, ew j\u00ee ko\u00e7bera bikin karker\u00ean derh\u00eaner.<\/p>\n
Di dewlet\u00ean raspart\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een da, penaber wek\u00ee le\u015fker \u00fb cotkar hatin belavkirin. Heta dema ku veguhastina nif\u00fbs\u00ea biserket\u00ee hate d\u00eetin, rayedar\u00ean li pi\u015ft perdey\u00ea gelek k\u00eamas\u00ee t\u00ea da d\u00eetin, di nava wan da j\u00ee r\u00eabaz\u00ean ku hatin bikaran\u00een ku d\u00eetin dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee y\u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee ew tekane bingeha s\u00eestema desthildar\u00eeya aram di nava s\u00eestema abor\u00ee ya c\u00eehan\u00ee da bi r\u00eabaz\u00ean li dij s\u00eestem\u00ean ne\u00e7ar\u00ee, nexasim li Filist\u00een\u00ea \u201cHin z\u00eeyon\u00eestan fikra ko\u00e7berkirina bi dar\u00ea zor\u00ea ya filist\u00een\u00eeyan wek\u00ee Lozan\u00ea ji xwe ra esas girtin.\u201d<\/p>\n
Her wiha, be\u015f\u00ea p\u00eancem (Pirwazkirina Lozan\u00ea) hewl dide ku hevpeyman\u00ea li ser asta gel\u00ear\u00ee \u00fb ferm\u00ee f\u00eam bike. Di be\u015f\u00ea bi sernav\u00ea (Lozan di d\u00eeroka tirk\u00ee ya ferm\u00ee \u00fb gel\u00ear\u00ee da: \u015eer\u00ea nasnameyan li Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea), Gokan \u00c7et\u00een Saya hin hizir\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ean gir\u00eaday\u00ee bihaney\u00ean bi nakok derbar\u00ea kongre \u00fb peymana Lozan\u00ea di d\u00eeroka tirk\u00ee ya ferm\u00ee \u00fb gel\u00ear\u00ee da, n\u00eeqa\u015f dike. \u00c7et\u00een di l\u00eakol\u00eena xwe da, m\u00eenak\u00ean d\u00eeroka gel\u00ear\u00ee derbar\u00ea v\u00ea mijar\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f bike, mirov dikare bi r\u00eaya nasnameya\u00ean sereke bi vaka tirk\u00ee a n\u00fbjen l\u00eakol\u00een bike, an j\u00ee di rast\u00eey\u00ea da wek\u00ee t\u00ea binav\u00eakirin \u201c\u015fer\u00ea nasnameyan\u201d. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, w\u00ea h\u00eenek hewl bidin bi awayek\u00ee taybet ku bihaney\u00ean kemal\u00eestan \u00fb kemal\u00eest\u00ean \u00fb dijber\u00ean kemal\u00eest\u00ea (netewperest\u00ean t\u00fbran-muhafezkar\/\u00eeslam\u00eest) f\u00eam bikin, her wiha \u00e7awa netewperest\u00eeya tirk\u00ee di gelek\u00ee al\u00eey\u00ean cuda da di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya bipa\u015fketin\u00ea \u00fb li hember\u00ee saz\u00eey\u00ean osman\u00ee \u00fb \u00eeslama sin\u00ee derketin ku wek\u00ee berpirs\u00ea bipa\u015fketina osman\u00eeyan did\u00eetin. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, ji ber \u015fer\u00fbmerc\u00ean awarte ku b\u00fbne sedema jihol\u00earakirina \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee, netewperest\u00ean tirk n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean xwe li ser \u00eeslam\u00ea ve\u015fartin. L\u00ea dema ku Mustefa Kemal di n\u00eev\u00ea sal\u00ean 20\u00ee y\u00ean sedsala bor\u00ee da desthildar\u00eeya xwe damezrand, dikarib\u00fb ku dest bi projeyeka gi\u015ft\u00ee ya sekular\u00eey\u00ea \u00fb avakirina nasnameyeka ni\u015ftiman\u00ee ya tirk\u00ee beramber\u00ee m\u00eerasa osman\u00ee \u00fb \u00eeslam\u00ee, bike. L\u00ea ev hemle t\u00ea da nakok\u00ee heb\u00fbn, ji ber ku \u00eeslama sin\u00ee wek\u00ee r\u00eagezek\u00ee pirat\u00eek a tirk\u00ee li dij\u00ee civak\u00ean ne milsliman ma, heta ew civak\u00ean ku bi esl\u00ea xwe tirk in..<\/p>\n
Di be\u015f\u00ea (D\u00eeplomas\u00ee \u00fb vehes\u00een \u00fb b\u00eeran\u00een? Guignol di Lozan \u00fb Kongreya Lozan\u00ea di kar\u00eekatur\u00ea da) Julia Secklehner naveroka kovara \u201cGuignol\u201d\u00ea ku t\u00ea da gelek kar\u00eekatur\u00ean klas\u00eek \u00ean endam\u00ean \u015fand\u00ean cuda li Lozan\u00ea da amade b\u00fbn, her wiha kar\u00eekatur\u00ean n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ean taybet \u00fb away\u00ea j\u00eeyan\u00ea li k\u00ealeka kongrey\u00ea, n\u00eeqa\u015f dike. \u201cGuigonl\u201d ne ten\u00ea rola w\u00ea li ser x\u00eazkirina kar\u00eekatur\u00ean n\u00fbner\u00ean ku be\u015fdar\u00ee kongrey\u00ea b\u00fbn, l\u00ea bel\u00ea bal ki\u015fand ser datey\u00ean n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ean taybet ku \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbn ku ew j\u00ee k\u00eal\u00eey\u00ean rojane y\u00ean kongrey\u00ea y\u00ean girt\u00ee b\u00fbn. Kar\u00eekaturan b\u00fbyer \u00fb bertek\u00ean l\u00eestikvanan bi r\u00eabazek\u00ee p\u00eakanok n\u00ee\u015fan da. Elbum bi xwe j\u00ee karnameyeka nenormal a kongreya a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea b\u00fb. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, kar\u00eekatur\u00ean normal \u00fb r\u00fbxwe\u015f \u00ean hunermendan, r\u00eabazek\u00ee d\u00eenam\u00eek\u00ee y\u00ea n\u00eegar\u00ean kar\u00eekatur\u00ee gewde kir.<\/p>\n
T\u00eem\u00ea r\u00eayeka p\u00ee\u015fey\u00ee ya serkeft\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakir m\u00eena n\u00eegark\u00ea\u015f\u00ean \u201cGuignol \u00e0 Lausanne\u201d pi\u015ft\u00ee berbelavb\u00fbna kar\u00eekatur\u00ea di Netewey\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee da, ku t\u00ea a grlrk alb\u00fbm\u00ean din heb\u00fbn. Her wiha destwerdan di kovar \u00fb rojnamey\u00ean tinazkar li tevah\u00eeya Ewropy\u00ea. Ew dema z\u00ear\u00een a n\u00eegar\u00ean kar\u00eekatur\u00ee y\u00ean siyas\u00ee b\u00fb, di sal\u00ean ku di pi\u015ft \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ee y\u00ea Yekem da hatin, di sal\u00ean perest\u00eeya siyas\u00ee ya ku h\u00eaza xwe ji rew\u015fenb\u00eer\u00eeya gel digire. Bi her hal\u00ee, n\u00eegar\u00ean kar\u00eekatur\u00ee te\u015feyek ji te\u015fey\u00ean hunera gel\u00ear\u00ee ye ya ku dikare doz\u00ean tevlihev \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea siyas\u00ee ji gel ra veguh\u00eaz\u00eene. Her wiha pa\u015f\u00ea b\u00fb mijareka l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ea di nava hunermend \u00fb piskoloj\u00eenas \u00fb d\u00eeroknasan da.<\/p>\n
Ji bil\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ean bor\u00ee, di pirt\u00fbk\u00ea da gelek be\u015f\u00ean din j\u00ee heb\u00fbn. Bo m\u00eenak, \u00ea ku n\u00eeqa\u015f dike (hewldan\u00ean \u00ceran\u00ea ku be\u015fdar\u00ee Lozan\u00ea bibe), her wiha (Cudakirina Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea \u00fb dabe\u015fkirina ola osman\u00ee li Lozan\u00ea). Be\u015fek\u00ee din, behsa veguhestina nif\u00fbs\u00ea di navbera Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea \u00fb Y\u00fbaninstan\u00ea bi sernav\u00ea (li gel r\u00ea\u00e7areya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb veguhestina nif\u00fbsa y\u00fbnan\u00ee tirk\u00ee). Her wiha, di be\u015f\u00ea bi sernav\u00ea(pirwazkirina dema bor\u00ee \u00fb siberoj\u00ea di kongreya Lozan\u00ea ya a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea da li Rojhilata J\u00ear\u00een ), behsa h\u00eepoteza ku Lozan bibe away\u00ee qan\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ea siberoja her\u00eama Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00fb Bakur\u00ea Afr\u00eekay\u00ea, dike.<\/p>\n
Di daw\u00eey\u00ea da, tev\u00ee ku di pirt\u00fbk\u00ea da gelek l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean gir\u00eeg hene ku behsa\u00a0 pi\u015ftperdeya peymana Lozan\u00ea dike \u00fb anal\u00eez\u00ean rast \u00fb rola al\u00eey\u00ean ku be\u015fdar\u00ee kongrey\u00ea b\u00fbne \u00fb y\u00ean ku be\u015fdar neb\u00fbne j\u00ee, p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. L\u00ea pirt\u00fbk xaleka gir\u00eeng di Lozan\u00ea da \u00fb encam\u00ean w\u00ea pa\u015fguh dike, ew j\u00ee ku tu l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean bi date ku behsa doza kurdan ber\u00ea \u00fb di dema \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee Lozan\u00ea da dike, tuneye, tev\u00ee ku ev doz gir\u00eeng e ku heta niha ji dema Lozan\u00ea heta roja me ya \u00eero dewam dike. Encam\u00ean hevpeyman\u00ea bandor li \u00e7aren\u00fbsa kom\u00ean cuda \u00ean etn\u00eek\u00ee\/netewey\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een kir \u00fb taybet kurd ji maf\u00ea wan \u00ean \u00e7aren\u00fbs\u00ea p\u00eabar h\u00ee\u015ftin.<\/p>\n
\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Sernav\u00ea resen: (They All Made Peace \u2013 What Is Peace? The 1923 Treaty of Lausanne and the New Imperial Order) Niv\u00eeskar: Komeka niv\u00eeskaran Ed\u00eetor\u00ee: Jonathan Konalin \u00fb Ozan Ozveci We\u015fan: Zan\u00eengeha Chicagoy\u00ea, Pirt\u00fbkxaneya Kingoy\u00ea 2023 Hejmara r\u00fbpelan: 480 L\u00eaveger: Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan-2023 Pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem, Lozan peymana daw\u00ee ya a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,58],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[191],"class_list":["post-956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manshet","category-pirtuk"],"yoast_head":"\n