{"id":901,"date":"2023-07-13T09:41:03","date_gmt":"2023-07-13T09:41:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/?p=901"},"modified":"2024-07-24T07:42:55","modified_gmt":"2024-07-24T07:42:55","slug":"9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/","title":{"rendered":"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea"},"content":{"rendered":"

HIS\u00caN CIMO<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Heger em hewl bidin r\u00fbpela yekem ji t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan biniv\u00eesin, w\u00ea destp\u00eak ji \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert (Menazkert bi ziman\u00ea kurd\u00ee \u00fb di d\u00eeroka ereban da Melazkurd) a sala 1071an be. Her wiha r\u00fbpela daw\u00ee j\u00ee, bi \u015fore\u015fa 1925an bi fermandar\u00eeya \u015e\u00eax Se\u00eed\u00ea P\u00eeran bi daw\u00ee dibe, ku ev j\u00ee b\u00fbyereka ji \u015fax\u00ean encam\u00ean peymana Lozan\u00ea ya sala 1923yan e.<\/p>\n

Di navbera van herdu b\u00fbyeran da, t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb hatin, ge\u015f b\u00fbn \u00fb xerab b\u00fbn, l\u00ea ew li ser bingeh\u00ean xurt \u00ean t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena hevbe\u015f ma. Her wiha, dema ku binp\u00eakirin \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbn \u00e7\u00eadib\u00fbn, t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna al\u00eeyek\u00ee ne dihat wateya\u00a0 qirkirina nif\u00fbsan, an j\u00ee t\u00eakbirina heb\u00fbna civak\u00ee ya din.<\/p>\n

Ev hevk\u00ea\u015fe heta di \u015fert\u00fbmerc\u00ean ku d\u00eeyar dib\u00fb ku t\u00eakil\u00ee di aloz\u00eeyeka kujer da ne berdewam kir, wek\u00ee ku di \u015fore\u015fa \u015e\u00eax Ubeydulah El-Neh\u00eer da a ku di sala 1880y\u00ee da \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbye, an j\u00ee ber\u00eeya w\u00ea ser\u00eehildana Bedirxan Beg sala 1848an. Di encam\u00ea da, pi\u015ft\u00ee t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbnan lihevhatin \u00e7\u00eadib\u00fbn \u00fb p\u00eavajoyeka n\u00fb ya t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean hevbe\u015f, dest p\u00ea dikir.<\/p>\n

Ji 24\u00ea t\u00eermeha 1923yan ve, bandor\u00ean Melazkert \u00fb hevalbend\u00eeya dijwar a gir\u00eeng di navbera herdu al\u00eeyan da bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb, nexasim di n\u00eev\u00ea p\u00ea\u015f\u00een \u00ea serdema \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee da. Ji ber ku Lozan\u00ea, bi temam\u00ee kesayet \u00fb civaka Kurdistan\u00ea ji hol\u00ea rakir, her wiha m\u00eerasa d\u00eeroka hevbe\u015f a gel\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ea ji dema erdheja demograf\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya ku bi derketina tirkan li Rojhilata Nav\u00een \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, bi daw\u00ee kir.<\/p>\n

Hatina tirkan a li paytexta Kurdistan\u00ea sala 1042yan, ezm\u00fbnek b\u00fb ji\u00a0 bo gel\u00ean Kurdistan \u00fb Ermenistan\u00ea ku ji dema \u015fer\u00ean \u00eeslam\u00ea y\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea di x\u00eelafeta Umer Bin Xetab da,\u00a0 ned\u00eetib\u00fbn. Ji ber ku belavb\u00fbna sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eey\u00ean tirk bi awayek\u00ee civak\u00ee tevdiger\u00eeya; di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da bi hezaran malbat bi le\u015fkeran ra di cih\u00ea may\u00eena aram da diman, da ku bingeh\u00ea miletek\u00ee n\u00fb \u00e7\u00eakin.<\/p>\n

M\u00eerni\u015f\u00eena Merwan\u00eeyan a bi p\u00ea\u015fengt\u00eeya kurdan (982-1086) bih\u00eaztir\u00een heb\u00fbneka hakim li her\u00eama Kurdistan\u00ea \u00fb hin be\u015f\u00ean Ermenistan \u00fb Azerb\u00eecan\u00ea b\u00fb, her wiha tu tirk negih\u00ee\u015fte w\u00ea ax\u00ea. Di nava \u00e7end salan da, paytexta m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ea Meyafariq\u00een yekem\u00een car bi dehhezaran siwar rast\u00ee \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa dag\u00eerker\u00eey\u00ea ji al\u00eey\u00ea se\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan ve di sala 1042yan da hat. D\u00eeroknas\u00ea dewleta Merwan\u00eeyan Ibn Ezreq ku di j\u00eeyana w\u00ee da gelek m\u00eer di ser w\u00ee ra derbas b\u00fbne, li ser v\u00ea hewldan\u00ea got: \u201cEv yekem\u00een car e ku tirk li v\u00ee welat\u00ee derketin \u00fb xelk\u00ea ber\u00eeya niha ew ned\u00eetib\u00fbn. (D\u00eeroka Meyafariq\u00een\u00ea-r.161)<\/p>\n

Dema ku \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert\u00ea (Melazkurd) y\u00ea sala 1071\u00ea n\u00eaz b\u00fb, sultan\u00ea sel\u00e7uq\u00ee Alb Arselan ber\u00eeya ku bi\u00e7e \u015fer, serdana Amed\u00ea kir \u00fb bi m\u00eer\u00ea dewleta Merwan\u00eeyan ra hevpeymanek \u00eemze kir. Ibn Ezreq di \u201cD\u00eeroka Meyafariq\u00een\u00ea\u201d da behsa bend\u00ean lihevkirin\u00ea nekirin, w\u00ee pirt\u00fbka xwe dema ku dewleta Merwan\u00eeyan bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb \u00fb sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee b\u00fbne serwer\u00ean Kurdistan\u00ea, niv\u00eesand.<\/p>\n

Lihevkirina bi sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan ra: May\u00een li beramber\u00ee serwer\u00eey\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Berfirehb\u00fbna dewleta Sel\u00e7\u00fbqiyan di sala 1092an da di asta xwe ya her\u00ee bilind da<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Mirov dikare hevkar\u00eeya kurdan a bi sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan ra di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya ne\u00e7ar\u00ee ya ji bo herdu al\u00eeyan p\u00eanase bike, nexasim ji bo al\u00eey\u00ea kurdan, ne ku bibin gir\u00eaday\u00ee bir\u00eaveber\u00eeyeka n\u00fb. Xwezaya herdu \u00e7\u00een\u00ean hakim kurd \u00fb tirk, nasnameya her yek\u00ee ji wan di demeka n\u00eaz da di hevd\u00eetina merwan\u00ee-sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee da d\u00eeyar kir, ew j\u00ee ku \u00e7\u00eena kurdan a desthildar hewl neda ku li dervay\u00ee cograf\u00eeya kurd \u00fb ermenan berfireh bibin. Ev yek j\u00ee ji al\u00eey\u00ea piran\u00eeya d\u00eeroknas\u00ean ku li ser v\u00ea serdem\u00ea dixebitin nehate \u00e7areserkirin, an j\u00ee bi zaneb\u00fbn ev yek pa\u015fguhkirin, ji ber sedem\u00ean gir\u00eaday\u00ee vegotina netewey\u00ee ya yekal\u00ee ya d\u00eerok\u00ee ku di destp\u00eaka sedsala 20\u00ee da, belav b\u00fb. Berovaj\u00ee hem\u00fb m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean \u201cs\u00eenorkir\u00ee\u201d \u00ean \u00eeslam\u00ee, dewleta merwan\u00eeyan ne wek\u00ee heb\u00fbneka c\u00eehad\u00eest b\u00fb \u00fb xwe spart rola erkdar a aramkirina aloz\u00eeya di navbera \u00eeslam \u00fb xir\u00eest\u00eeyant\u00eey\u00ea da bi r\u00eaya avakirina t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean poz\u00eet\u00eef bi \u00cemperator\u00eeya Roman\u00eeya rojhilat ji bo xel\u00eefey\u00ea ebas\u00ee li Bexdad\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Balk\u00ea\u015f e ku di v\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea da, ango n\u00eaz\u00ee sala 1000\u00ee, d\u00eeroknas\u00ea ermen Asog\u00eek ku xwe spart \u00e7avkan\u00eey\u00ean ermen\u00ee \u00fb \u00eeslam\u00ee, bal ki\u015fand ser mijareka balk\u00ea\u015f ku dibe ji bo vegotina gi\u015ft\u00ee ya serwer wek\u00ee \u015fok be \u00fb got \u201cxelk\u00ea misliman dijmin\u00ea m\u00eer\u00ea merwan\u00eeyan b\u00fbn. Li ser v\u00ee esas\u00ee, m\u00eer\u00ea kurdan hem\u00fb kom\u00ean opoz\u00eesyon\u00ea y\u00ean misliman t\u00eak birin \u00fb ew sirg\u00fbn kirin \u00fb ermen \u00fb suryan bi awayek\u00ee sereke h\u00ee\u015ftin.\u201d (Arshak Boladian – Kurd di serdema x\u00eelafeta ebas\u00eeyan da). Encama v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ji ber dijmanat\u00eeya di navbera hemdan\u00eey\u00ean ereb desthildar\u00ean M\u00fbsil\u00a0 \u00fb Heleb\u00ea \u00fb merwan\u00eeyan da, ku her car\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadib\u00fb l\u00ea ev dijminat\u00ee bi xw\u00een b\u00fb. Ji wan b\u00fbyeran,\u00a0 Nesir El-Dewla Bin Merwan, dema ku bi awayek\u00ee kom\u00ee ni\u015ftecih\u00ean gir\u00eaday\u00ee m\u00eer\u00ea hemedan\u00ee li Meyafariq\u00een\u00ea\u00a0 ku\u015ftin (Bin\u00eare: D\u00eeroka Meyafariq\u00een\u00ea)<\/p>\n

Arshak Boladian ji d\u00eeroknas\u00ean ermen \u00fb y\u00ean musliman \u00ean wek\u00ee Ibin El-Es\u00eer \u015fahid\u00ee kom kirin, da ku destek\u00ea bide encama ku giha\u015ftiye, ew j\u00ee ku m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00eeya Merwan\u00eeyan a kurdan gir\u00eaday\u00ee \u00cemperator\u00eeya B\u00eezans\u00ea b\u00fb, nexasim di serdema m\u00eer\u00ea navdar Nesir El-Dewla Ibn Merwan ku 50 sal\u00ee li ser desthildar\u00eey\u00ea ma. Her wiha, ber\u00eeya w\u00ea j\u00ee\u00a0 di sala 1000\u00ee da, \u00eemperator\u00ea B\u00eezans\u00ea Basil Tan\u00ee lihevkirin bi Mumehed El-Dewla El-Merwan\u00ee\u00a0 ra \u00eemze kir \u00fb nasnavek\u00ee taybet ku ber\u00ea tu hakim\u00ea misliam ji \u00eemperator\u00ea xirist\u00eeyan\u00ee wernegirtine, da w\u00ee \u00fb ew bernavek\u00a0 \u201cMaxitrus\u201d \u00fb \u201cDoq\u00ea Rojhilat\u201d b\u00fb. (Arshak Boladian \u2013 kurd di serdema X\u00eelafeta Ebas\u00ee da \u2013 r.201)<\/p>\n

Lewra, kurd\u00ean ku wek\u00ee misliman li ser dika d\u00eerok\u00ea ji destp\u00eaka sedsala 11an da derketin, ne bi armanca \u00eedyoloj\u00eeya \u201cFetih\u201d \u00fb berfirehkirin\u00ea b\u00fb, berovaj\u00ee Sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan b\u00fbn ku li axeka n\u00fb diger\u00eeyan da ku desthildar\u00eey\u00ea li ser bikin \u00fb t\u00ea da bij\u00een. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee di xweza xwe da xwed\u00ee meyl\u00ean berfirehb\u00fbn\u00ea ne \u00fb di encam\u00ea da hizira c\u00eehad\u00ee ya li dij xirist\u00eeyanan li gor\u00ee sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan\u00a0 b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee ku kurd bi sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan ra li dij B\u00eezans\u00ea bi ser ketin, gir\u00eengtir\u00een erk\u00ean xwe y\u00ean berdewam\u00eeya pad\u00ee\u015fah\u00ea xwe winda kirin, ku ew j\u00ee berpirsyart\u00eeya parastina yek ji her\u00ee dever\u00ean metirs\u00eedar \u00ean \u015fer di navbera mislimanan \u00fb B\u00eezans\u00ea da, rakirin.<\/p>\n

gor\u00ee anal\u00eeza r\u00eaber\u00ea PKKy\u00ea Ebdulah Ocalan, hevd\u00eetina kurd \u00fb tirkan li Melazkert\u00ea, ji bo vekirina kor\u00eedorek\u00ea li p\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan da ku ber bi Anadol\u00eeyay\u00ea ve bi r\u00eaya Erzirom \u00fb bakur\u00ea Amed\u00ea ve bi\u00e7in, li beramber\u00ee w\u00ea j\u00ee ku qeb\u00eeley\u00ean rikan li axa kurdan \u00fb c\u00eeran\u00ean wan \u00ean ermenan bi cih nebin. (Bin\u00eare: Ocalan-Doza kurd\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7areser\u00eeya neteweya demokrat\u00eek-r.107)<\/p>\n

Kurdan hewl da ku bi berfirehb\u00fbna tirkan ra ya li ser axa xwe werin, bi hev ra \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert\u00ea y\u00ea efsaney\u00ee me\u015fandin. Di rast\u00ee \u00fb encam\u00ea da, wek\u00ee r\u00eayeka n\u00fb b\u00fb ku merwan\u00eeyan texm\u00een dikirin ku w\u00ea ji erdheja civak\u00ee ya tirkan xelas bibin ku li p\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya wan rojhilat\u00ea ebas\u00eeyan bi gi\u015ft\u00ee ji Xewarizim heta Xezay\u00ea t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn. Ji ber t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna B\u00eezans\u00ea di \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert\u00ea da, li \u015f\u00fbna bicihb\u00fbna tirkan li Kurdistan\u00ea, r\u00ea li p\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan ber bi Anadolyay\u00ea ve kir. Tev\u00ee qurban\u00eeya merwan\u00eeyan ku \u201cqurban\u00eeya bi serwer\u00eey\u00ea li \u015f\u00fbna may\u00een\u00ea\u201d, xelasb\u00fbna ji bicihb\u00fbna tirkan li Kurdistan \u00fb Ermenistan\u00ea p\u00eak nehat, heta pi\u015ft\u00ee sedsalek\u00ea dema ku Selahed\u00een Ey\u00fbb\u00ee \u015ferek\u00ee giran li dij sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan li tevah\u00eeya welat\u00ea kurdan, p\u00eak an\u00ee. Tev\u00ee ku xanedan\u00ean tirk\u00ee \u00ean wek\u00ee \u201cart\u00fbq\u00ee\u201d, li bajar\u00ean kurdan \u00ean wek\u00ee M\u00eard\u00een\u00ea serwer b\u00fbn, l\u00ea di daw\u00eey\u00ea da ketin bin bir\u00eaveber\u00eeya Ey\u00fbb\u00eey\u00ea \u00fb di al\u00eey\u00ea civak\u00ee da k\u00fbr neb\u00fbn,\u00a0 bi gotineka din: Xanedan\u00ean b\u00ea civak.<\/p>\n

Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, hevkar\u00eeya Melazkert\u00ea di navbera herdu \u00e7\u00een\u00ean desthildar da ango kurd \u00fb tirkan, bihevrej\u00eeyankirineka demdir\u00eaj ava nekir. Heta sala 1086an, d\u00eeroka t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna Dewleta Merwan\u00eeyan, kurd ji bo parastina \u00eezolasyona xwe ji derdor\u00ean aloz pere dan. L\u00ea sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan derbeyeka giran li wan xist ku daw\u00eeya wan an\u00ee ji ber c\u00eerant\u00eeya herdu h\u00eazan; a yek\u00ea berfirehb\u00fbn-c\u00eehad\u00eest\u00a0 \u00fb a duyem j\u00ee \u00eezolasyon \u00fb pala xwe dide xwe ten\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ibn El-Ezreq di d\u00eeroka Meyafariq\u00een\u00ea da, behsa hin \u015firovey\u00ean gir\u00eeng ku tu \u00e7avkan\u00eey\u00ean din, behs\u00ea nekirib\u00fbn, dike. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, werz\u00eer\u00ea faris\u00ee y\u00ea navdar, N\u00eezam Melek ji \u015fah\u00ea xwe Melik\u015fah ra axiv\u00ee ku \u00ee\u015faret bi welat\u00ea Bin Merwan dike \u00fb dib\u00eaje: \u201cEw welat vala b\u00fb \u00fb t\u00ea da pere wek ax\u00ea ne.\u201d Her wiha di sala 1086an da, Melik\u015fah dest dan\u00ee ser hem\u00fb m\u00eerni\u015f\u00eeney\u00ean kurdan \u00fb ji m\u00eer\u00ea kurdan Nasir EL-Dewla pirs kir ku beramber\u00ee windakirina serwer\u00eey\u00ea li ser welat\u00ea xwe, \u00e7i dixwaze, Nasir El-Dewla bi hevoka xwe ya binav\u00fbdeng wiha bersiv\u00ea dide: \u201cXencerek\u00a0 bikeve s\u00eenga min \u00fb di pi\u015fta min ra derkeve\u201d (D\u00eeroka Meyafariq\u00een\u00ea-r.213).<\/p>\n

Di heman dem\u00ea da, zanyar Mihemed Em\u00een Zek\u00ee di pir\u00fbka \u201cKurted\u00eeroka kurd \u00fb Kurdistan\u00ea\u201d da, bi awayek\u00ee kurt t\u00eene ziman ku pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert\u00ea \u201chem\u00fb welat\u00ean ermen\u00ee \u00fb Kurdistan h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee kete bin desthildar\u00eeya Alb Arslan\u00ea sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee hem\u00fb hik\u00fbmet \u00fb m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan ku di w\u00ea dem\u00ea da heb\u00fbn ji hol\u00ea rab\u00fbn \u00fb hem\u00fb ketin bin desthildar\u00eeya sultan\u00ea sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan.\u201d (r.213)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Berfirehb\u00fbna Dewleta Merwan\u00eeyan di asta xwe ya her\u00ee bilind da<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gir\u00eadana be\u015fdarb\u00fbna kurdan di \u015fer da ji bo vekirina kor\u00eedorek\u00ee ji bo derbaskirina sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan ber bi rojava ve, di pirt\u00fbk\u00ean tirkan da bi awayek\u00ee nerasterast t\u00ea gotin, ji wan Yilmaz Oztuna niv\u00eeskar\u00ea Ans\u00eekloped\u00eeya \u00cemperator\u00eeya Osman\u00ee ku dib\u00eaje pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer sultan \u201cSil\u00eaman \u015eah\u201d Antakya sala 1084an ji B\u00eezans\u00ea stand \u201c\u00fb bi sedhezaran tirk ji rojhlat an\u00ee \u00fb li Anadolyay\u00ea bi cih b\u00fbn, destp\u00eak\u00ea ji bajaran dest p\u00ea kirin\u201d (Dewleta Osman\u00ee-be\u015f\u00ea yek\u00ea- r. 68).<\/p>\n

Bi v\u00ee away\u00ea serdest ji h\u00eala sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan a bi ser merwan\u00eeyan da,\u00a0 kurd di cih\u00ea xwe da man hema bib\u00eaje wek\u00ee niha, l\u00ea qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan bi sed k\u00eelometreyan ber bi rojava ve \u00e7\u00fbn, l\u00ea ne b\u00ea berd\u00eal. Tev\u00ee v\u00ea lihevhatina stratej\u00eek, Dewleta Merwan\u00eeyan ji qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan rizgar neb\u00fbn \u00fb saman\u00ean m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan birin ji sultan\u00ea sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee ra. Di heman dem\u00ea da, ser\u00eehildana kurd \u00fb ereban a pi\u015ft\u00ee ku\u015ftina N\u00eezam Melek \u00fb mirina Melik\u015fah li dij desthildar\u00eeya sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan bi bin ket \u00fb bi awayek\u00ee mezin destdir\u00eaj\u00ee li jinan hate kirin \u00fb jin seb\u00ee kirin, ku Ibn El-Qelans\u00ee di ans\u00eekloped\u00eeya \u201cD\u00eeroka \u015eam\u00ea\u201d da di b\u00fbyer\u00ean sala 485 \u00fb 486an hicr\u00ee, ango 1092 \u00fb 1093an Z, t\u00eene ziman.<\/p>\n

Ji ber ku herik\u00eena milet ji rojhilat ber bi rojava ve ranewest\u00eeya, guhartineka nif\u00fbs\u00ea li her\u00eam\u00ea ji ber bandora \u00eari\u015f\u00ean tirkan da \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, be\u015fek ji kurdan ji Kurdistan \u00fb Azreb\u00eecan\u00ea derbas\u00ee welat\u00ea \u015eam\u00ea b\u00fbn. Di heman dem\u00ea da, \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan heb\u00fbna ereban li bakur\u00ea her\u00eama Ciz\u00eer\u00ea \u00fb M\u00fbsil\u00ea tune kir \u00fb dewleta El-Eq\u00eel\u00eey\u00een a ereban bi r\u00fbxandina kurd\u00ean merwan\u00ee bidaw\u00ee b\u00fb, her wiha en\u00eeya liberxwedan\u00ea a kurd \u00fb ereban a hevbe\u015f ji bo rawestandina herik\u00eena le\u015fker\u00ee ya tirkan ku ji ber berdewamkirina herik\u00eena milet \u00fb hilwe\u015fandina \u00e7avkan\u00eey\u00ean debara j\u00eeyan\u00ea li rojhilat \u00fb naverasta Asyay\u00ea, t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb. Ev j\u00ee h\u00eepotezek e ku tu l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee li ser nehatine kirin.<\/p>\n

Tev\u00ee kurd \u00fb ereban windah\u00eey\u00ean mezin d\u00eetin, l\u00ea ev serdema \u00e7aren\u00fbs\u00ee bi v\u00ea lihevkirin\u00ea derbas b\u00fb, ango vekirina kor\u00eedorek\u00ea ji bo tirkan ku ber bi rojava ve bi\u00e7in, li \u015f\u00fbna li axa kurd \u00fb ereban bi cih bibin, l\u00ea ev yek ne ku yekser \u00fb b\u00ea qurban\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Bi saya siyaseta merwan\u00eeyan \u00fb kurdan, bi n\u00fbhat\u00eeyan (sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee) ra neketin \u015ferek\u00ee \u00e7aren\u00fbs\u00ee, ji ber ku eger kurd t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn, w\u00ea axa xwe winda bikin, l\u00ea eger ku tirk t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn, w\u00ea ten\u00ea r\u00eay\u00ean hesp\u00ean xwe biguhirin \u00fb mijar bi daw\u00ee dibe. Lewra, \u00e7i \u015ferek\u00ee \u00e7aren\u00fbs\u00ee, t\u00ea wateya tunekirina al\u00eeyek\u00ee, wek\u00ee ku \u00e7awa bi dewleta xwed\u00ee g\u00eeyan\u00ean ereb\u00ee di serdema ebas\u00eeyan da \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, ew j\u00ee m\u00eerni\u015f\u00eena Ben\u00ee Eq\u00eel li M\u00fbsil \u00fb Ciz\u00eer\u00ea, ku di war\u00ea le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee di \u015fer\u00ea \u00e7aren\u00fbs\u00ee bi Sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan ra, t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

Serdema ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan: \u015eer\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Dewleta Ey\u00fbb\u00ee sala 1193. Z<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

T\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan di serdema ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan da ber bi karakterek\u00ee dijber\u00ee y\u00ea metir\u00eedar ve \u00e7\u00fb, di nav da pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean berfireh b\u00fbn \u00fb art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea ji bo \u00e7areserkirin\u00ea destwerdan kir.<\/p>\n

Dema ku Selahd\u00een Ey\u00fbb\u00ee desthildar\u00ee li Misir\u00ea sala 1174an bi dest xist, welat\u00ea kurdan di bin desthildar\u00eeya qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkumen da b\u00fb. Bi belavb\u00fbna ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan li Welat\u00ea \u015eam\u00ea \u00fb Ciz\u00eer\u00ea, \u015fer\u00ean giran bi bermah\u00eey\u00ean xanedan\u00ean tirk\u00ee r\u00fb dan ku du salan dir\u00eaj kir, her wiha ji ber van \u015feran herdu al\u00eeyan zirar\u00ean mezin d\u00eetin \u00fb bi awayek\u00ee demk\u00ee bi armanca yekb\u00fbna li dij xa\u00e7eperestan rawest\u00eeya. L\u00ea \u015fer\u00ean tirk \u00fb kurdan careka din r\u00fb da \u201cheta ku kurd ji hin welat\u00ean S\u00fbr\u00eeyay\u00ea, K\u00eel\u00eekya \u00fb Edenay\u00ea hatin derxistin\u201d (Mihemed Em\u00een Zek\u00ee-D\u00eeroka Kurd \u00fb Kurdistan\u00ea-r.222)<\/p>\n

\"\"
Tabloya Selahed\u00een ya serket\u00ee ku ji al\u00eey\u00ea Gustave Dore ve hate x\u00eazkirin<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yekem\u00een bib\u00eerxitina \u015fer\u00ean tirk \u00fb kurdan di serdema ey\u00fbb\u00ee da, di be\u015f\u00ea 10an \u00ea pirt\u00fbka \u201cEl-Kamil f\u00ee El-Tar\u00eex\u201d ya Ibn El-Es\u00eer da, di b\u00fbyer\u00ean sala 581\u00ea hicr\u00ee (1185 Z) da, di bin sernav\u00ea \u201cB\u00eeran\u00eena fitneya di navbera Tirkumen \u00fb kurdan li welat\u00ea Ciz\u00eer \u00fb M\u00fbsil\u00ea\u201d(r.11) hate kirin. T\u00ea da bi awayek\u00ee h\u00fbrgul\u00ee li ser sedema nakok\u00eeya civak\u00ee hate kirin, dema ku komek ji kurdan \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee daweteka tirkumenan kir \u00fb di encam\u00ea da \u015fer li tevah\u00eeya welat\u00ea kurdan r\u00fb da.<\/p>\n

\u201cT\u00ea da fitne di navbera tirkumen \u00fb kurdan li M\u00fbsil, Ciz\u00eer, \u015earez\u00fbr, Azreb\u00eecan \u00fb \u015eam\u00ea da hate destp\u00eakirin. T\u00ea da hejmareka ku nay\u00ea hijmartin mirov hatine ku\u015ftin \u00fb \u015fer \u00e7end salan berdewam kir. R\u00ea hatin girtin, xw\u00een hate rijandin \u00fb pere hatin diz\u00een.\u201d<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea bi salek\u00ea \u015eems El-D\u00een El-Zeheb\u00ee di Ans\u00eeklopediya \u201cD\u00eeroka \u00ceslam\u00ea\u201d da dib\u00eaje:<\/p>\n

\u201cDi van rojan da, nakok\u00ee li D\u00eeyarbekir \u00fb Ciz\u00eer\u00ea di navebra kurd \u00fb tirkumenan da z\u00eade b\u00fb\u00ac.\u201d (be\u015f\u00ea 41-r.14)<\/p>\n

Ev b\u00fbyer\u00ean bi xw\u00een ku di dil\u00ea welat\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ea kurdan da r\u00fb daye, d\u00eeyar dike ku qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirk li hem\u00fb quncik\u00ean welat\u00ea kurdan bi cih b\u00fbne. Ibn El-Es\u00eer ku b\u00ea guman di pirt\u00fbka xwe da al\u00eegir\u00ea zenk\u00eey\u00eeyan li dij ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan e, ten\u00ea v\u00ea bihaney\u00ea ji bo \u015fer\u00ea kurd \u00fb tirkumenan \u00ea sala 1185an t\u00eene ziman.\u00a0 L\u00ea di heman sal\u00ea da, Selahed\u00een er\u00ea kirin ku bi Atabeg \u00cezed\u00een ra lihev were ku di bin desthildar\u00eeya zink\u00eey\u00eeyan da b\u00fbn, l\u00ea balk\u00ea\u015f e ku lihevhatin\u00ea hi\u015ft ku M\u00fbsil di dest\u00ea Atabeg da bim\u00eene, l\u00ea div\u00ea Selahed\u00een tevah\u00eeya her\u00eam\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee M\u00fbsil\u00ea ku hem\u00fb kurd\u00ee ne bi dest bixe, ew j\u00ee \u015earez\u00fbr, w\u00eelayeta Qerebal\u00eey\u00ea (nav\u00e7ey\u00ean Kerk\u00fbk\u00ea) \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee Zap\u00ea, her wiha li ser minber\u00ean w\u00ee x\u00eetab\u00ee w\u00ee bikin \u00fb nav\u00ea w\u00ee li ser r\u00ea bixe.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Neq\u015fkirina w\u00eaney\u00ea Selahed\u00een li ser perey\u00ean islam\u00ee ya Ey\u00fbb\u00ee<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Memal\u00eek: Tasf\u00eeyekirina ar\u00eestokrat\u00eeya kurd\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di be\u015fa 47an ji D\u00eeroka \u00ceslam\u00ea ya Z\u00ear\u00een, behsa b\u00fbyer\u00ean li pey\u00ee hev \u00ean ku memal\u00eekan desthildar\u00ee ji ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan standiye \u00fb komkuj\u00eey\u00ean ku memal\u00eekan derheq\u00ea m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan li Misir \u00fb \u015eam\u00ea kirine, t\u00ea kirin. Ev yek tasf\u00eeyekirineka gi\u015ft\u00ee ya ar\u00eestokrat\u00eeya desthildar a kurdan b\u00fb, l\u00ea kes n\u00eaz\u00ee be\u015fa fermandar\u00eey\u00ea ya qeb\u00eeley\u00ea neb\u00fb \u00fb di xebat\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee y\u00ean meml\u00fbk\u00eeyan da li beramber\u00ee hevk\u00ea\u015feka n\u00fb ya serwer\u00eeyeka her\u00eam\u00ee, erk\u00ean xwe berdewam kirin. Nexasim ku civaka kurd ji ber \u015fer\u00ea ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan \u00ea d\u00fbr\u00ee axa kurdan bi xw\u00eenrijandina demdir\u00eaj\u00a0 west\u00eeyan. Her wiha, bi daw\u00eeb\u00fbna p\u00eavajoya ey\u00fbb\u00eeyan, bajar\u00ean kurdan li ser hevk\u00ea\u015f\u00eeyek\u00ea man ku heta roja \u00eero bandora xwe heye. Rast e ku ev her\u00eam ji bicihb\u00fbna tirkan rizgar b\u00fbn, l\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee temam ji dest\u00ea tirkan nehate rizgarkirin.<\/p>\n

Berovaj\u00ee hem\u00fb dewlet \u00fb m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan, xanedana ey\u00fbb\u00ee ten\u00ea s\u00eenor\u00ea kurdan derbas kir. Ev b\u00fbyer yekem\u00een car li ser asta kurd\u00ee ji dewleta M\u00eetan\u00ee-Hor\u00ee 1500 ber\u00eeya zay\u00een\u00ea, ku t\u00ea niv\u00eesandin. L\u00ea berfirehb\u00fbneka bi k\u00ea\u015fe b\u00fb, berovaj\u00ee b\u00fb ji Misir \u00fb \u015eam\u00ea dest p\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb pi\u015ftra ber bi welat\u00ea kurdan ve \u00e7\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Dewleta Memal\u00eekan bi \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean domdar \u00ean li ser m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean tirkumen li Anadolyay\u00ea \u00fb bakur\u00ea Heleb\u00ea mij\u00fbl b\u00fb. Lewra, dema aram\u00eeya be\u015f\u00ee ya kurdan b\u00fb, \u00ean ku para xwe ya hevseng\u00eey\u00ea ji h\u00eaza le\u015fker\u00ee ya meml\u00fbk\u00eeyan parastin (L\u00eavegera pirt\u00fbka\u00a0 Mihemed Ebdulah Salim El-Emay\u00eer,\u201cKurd di s\u00eestema le\u015fker\u00ee ya meml\u00fbk\u00eeyan da\u201d). Her wiha, \u00ead\u00ee serwer\u00eeyeka kurdan li ser her\u00eam\u00ean berfireh \u00ean ku tirkumen li Heleb\u00ea \u00fb al\u00eey\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean bakur bi cih b\u00fbne, \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, biserxweb\u00fbna kurdan a qeb\u00eele \u00fb le\u015fker\u00ee li ser ling\u00ea xwe man heta derketina osman\u00eeyan li ser dikeya d\u00eerok\u00ee \u00fb kurd b\u00fbne be\u015fek\u00ee gir\u00eeng ji berfirehb\u00fbna osman\u00eeyan ber bi rojhilat \u00fb ba\u015f\u00fbr ve \u00fb b\u00fbne sedema serkeftina osman\u00eeyan a dij\u00ee m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean tirkumen \u00ean hevrik.<\/p>\n

Osman\u00ee: Hevalbend\u00eeya \u00eemperator\u00ee \u00fb qeb\u00eeley\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Li muzexaneya Gel Stone ya li \u00cesfehan\u00ea tabloyeka ku \u015fer\u00ea \u00c7ald\u00eeran\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fan dide<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ji dema ku sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00ee derbas\u00ee Rojhilata Nav\u00een b\u00fbn \u00fb bi derketina Dewleta Osman\u00ee, her\u00eam ji Xoresan\u00ea heta Anadolyay\u00ea ket nava \u015ferek\u00ee navxwey\u00ee y\u00ea dijwar, piran\u00eeya wan \u015feran di navbera qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan da b\u00fb ku pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean xwe y\u00ean Asyay\u00ee derbas\u00ee her\u00eam\u00ean n\u00fb ku t\u00ea da bi cih b\u00fbne li welat\u00ea \u015eam\u00ea, Iraq, Kurdistan \u00fb Anadolyay\u00ea. Ev \u015fer\u00ean navxwey\u00ee y\u00ean tirk\u00ee li ser dir\u00eajah\u00eeya her\u00eam\u00ea berdewam kir, ku j\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ean serwer \u00ean w\u00ea dem\u00ea derketin \u00fb di naveroka xwe ya \u00eemperator\u00ee da s\u00ea m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een hewandin; du ji n\u00eejada tirkan b\u00fb ew j\u00ee sefew\u00ee \u00fb osman\u00ee \u00fb ya s\u00eayem tevlihev b\u00fb, tirk \u00fb kafkas b\u00fbn, ku Memal\u00eekan n\u00fbnert\u00eeya wan li Misir, \u015eam \u00fb H\u00eecaz\u00ea dikir.<\/p>\n

Nasnameya sefew\u00ee balk\u00ea\u015f e, ji ber ku serek\u00ee w\u00ea vedigere kurdan \u00fb di heman dem\u00ea da vedigere kes\u00ean ku b\u00fbne tirk \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fek ku tirkumen\u00ean Qizilba\u015f\u00ea t\u00ea da sereke ne \u00fb kes\u00ean normal piran\u00eeya wan faris in.<\/p>\n

Di serdema sefew\u00eeyan da, tirkirina Azreb\u00eecan\u00ea ku berdewam kir, ku ji bo gel\u00ean kevnar \u00ean Kafkas \u00fb \u00ceran\u00ea \u015faristan\u00eeyek b\u00fb \u00fb b\u00fb cihek\u00ee mezin ji bo qeb\u00eeleya Qere Qwinlu(berx\u00ea re\u015f) ku h\u00eazeka sereke ya le\u015fker\u00ee ya sefew\u00eeyan b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Li al\u00eey\u00ea din, sultan\u00ea osman\u00ee Sel\u00eem\u00ea Yekem, bi nav\u00ea sina li rojhilat h\u00eazek ku ji qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan p\u00eak dihat, ava dikir. L\u00ea h\u00eaza w\u00ee t\u00ear\u00ea nedikir ku serkeftineka mezin \u00fb bibe nuqteyeka guhartin\u00ea di d\u00eeroka her\u00eam\u00ea da \u00e7\u00eabike, lewra ev serkeftin p\u00eak nedihat, eger heb\u00fbna kurdan li k\u00ealeka xwe misoger neke.<\/p>\n

Kurdan di Sel\u00eem\u00ea Yekem da, pi\u015ftgireyeka tirk li dij qeb\u00eeleya tirk\u00ee a desthildar li Kurdistan\u00ea Aq Qwinlu (berx\u00ea sp\u00ee-sina) \u00fb Qere Qwinlu (\u015f\u00eea) ku tevah\u00eeya Kurdistan\u00ea serwer kirib\u00fbn did\u00eetin. Her wiha m\u00eer\u00ea Aq Qwinlu Hesen El-Tew\u00eel xwed\u00ee armanc\u00ean \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di h\u00een p\u00eavajoy\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ea da, giha\u015ftina pi\u015ft Asyaya nav\u00een bi r\u00eaya Deryaya Re\u015f ji bo bazirgan \u00fb ewropay\u00eeyan her\u00ee bi ewle b\u00fb, ev yek j\u00ee ji bo hin stasyon\u00ean bazirgan\u00eey\u00ea li rojhilat\u00ea Deryaya Sp\u00ee bextre\u015f\u00ee b\u00fb. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, her\u00eama ji Ermen\u00eestan\u00ea bigire heta Kurdistan \u00fb bakur\u00ea Welat\u00ea \u015eam\u00ea, b\u00fb \u00e7ol \u00fb di nava hejart\u00eey\u00ea da ma. Her wiha, ev rew\u015fa Anadolyay\u00ea j\u00ee b\u00fb, ku di p\u00eavajoy\u00ean kurt da bi awayek\u00ee dijwar, veguher\u00ee \u201cart\u00ea\u015f\u00ean b\u00eacivak\u201d ku bandoreka mezin a derengxistina bicihb\u00fbna gel\u00ean n\u00fbhat\u00ee, wek\u00ee qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan li bajaran \u00fb heta demeka dir\u00eaj b\u00fbne gel\u00ean bi tevah\u00ee le\u015fker. Dibe ku ev yek b\u00fb sedema poz\u00eet\u00eef ku ni\u015ftecih\u00ean resen di bajar \u00fb gund\u00ean \u00e7andin\u00eey\u00ea da y\u00ean\u00a0 winday\u00ee li Anadolyay\u00ea b\u00ea qerebalixa z\u00eade ji kes\u00ean n\u00fbhat\u00ee. Lewra, taybetmend\u00eeya ko\u00e7er\u00ee an j\u00ee nemay\u00eena li bajaran, b\u00fb taybetmend\u00eeyeka ku bi qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkan ra \u00fb heta demeka dir\u00eaj ma.<\/p>\n

Qeb\u00eeleya Aq Qwinlu\u00a0 a tirkumen\u00ee ji sala (1469-1502) destilatdar\u00ee kir \u00fb hin taybetmend\u00ee dane bazirgan\u00ean \u00eetal \u00ean ji Vened\u00eek\u00ea li D\u00eeyarbekir\u00ea, b\u00eay\u00ee ku bajaran ji bo ni\u015ftecih\u00ean xwe y\u00ean tirkumen ava bike. Her wiha, vened\u00eek\u00ee li D\u00eeyarbekir\u00ea paytexta xwe ya d\u00eerok\u00ee\u00a0 ya xurt Amed wek\u00ee \u00e7ena rojhilat ya pensey\u00ea ji bo dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirina berfirehb\u00fbna osman\u00ee ya destp\u00eak\u00ea did\u00eet. Di heman dem\u00ea da, t\u00eakil\u00ee aloz b\u00fbn \u00fb herdu al\u00ee ketin nava gelek \u015feran pi\u015ft\u00ee ku Mihemed Fatih dest dan\u00ee ser Konstant\u00eenopol\u00ees\u00ea sala 1453yan. Lewra Vened\u00eek\u00ea bi Uzun Hesen ra hevkar\u00eeyek ava kir, ku bi h\u00eaz b\u00fb \u00fb di demeka kurt da, xanedan\u00ean w\u00ee hatin r\u00fbxandin.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Ekmel El-D\u00een Ihsan Oglu di pirt\u00fbka w\u00ee ya \u201cDewleta Osman\u00ee\u201d da, Uzun Hesen (Hesen El-Tew\u00eel) xwe wek\u00ee \u201cTeym\u00fbrleng\u00ea Duyem\u201d did\u00eet \u00fb xeyal dikir ku m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean tirkumen bi paytexta wan D\u00eeyarbekir\u00ea ve bike yek, ango xwed\u00ee n\u00ear\u00eeneka wiha b\u00fbn ku di siberoj\u00ea da bicihb\u00fbnek\u00ea \u00e7\u00eabike ku Amed bibe paytexta tirkumenan.<\/p>\n

\u015eer\u00ea \u00c7ald\u00eeran\u00ea y\u00ea di navbera osman\u00ee \u00fb sefew\u00eeyan da sala 1514an, derfetek b\u00fb ji bo avakirina t\u00eakil\u00eeyeka n\u00fb ya kurd \u00fb tirkan, ku aloz\u00eey\u00ean ji dema sel\u00e7\u00fbq\u00eeyan \u00fb y\u00ean li pey wan, derbas bikin. Li beramber\u00ee w\u00ea j\u00ee, ev yek derfetek b\u00fb ji bo Ben\u00ee Osman\u00a0 ji ser\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya ku qeb\u00eeley\u00ean tirkumen \u00ean bedew\u00ee ji w\u00ee ra \u00e7\u00eakirin \u00ean ku r\u00eageza dewleta \u00eemperator bi xwe red dikirin, xelas bibe. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, \u201cSel\u00eem\u00ea Yekem\u201d kurd li dij sefew\u00eeyan xurt kir \u00fb h\u00eaza wan li dij tirkumen\u00ean ku ew kes\u00ean ku nedihate hezkirin heta damezrandina komara Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea, ji ber ku red kirin bibin al\u00eegir\u00ean w\u00ee, bi\u00a0 t\u00eagiha\u015ftina \u00eemperator\u00ee.<\/p>\n

Ber\u00eeya \u015fer\u00ea \u00c7ald\u00eeran\u00ea ku h\u00eav\u00eey\u00ean sefew\u00eeyan \u00ean ku \u00e7em\u00ea Firat\u00ea bikin s\u00eenor\u00ea rojava bi dewleta roman (osman\u00ee) t\u00eak birin, \u015f\u00eax \u00fb zanyar\u00ea kurd \u00ea navdar Idr\u00ees Bedl\u00ees\u00ee ji al\u00eey\u00ea sultan Sel\u00eem ve hate erkdarkirin ku rew\u015f\u00ea li Kurdistana par\u00e7eb\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb bi nakok di navbera m\u00eer\u00ean w\u00ea da sererast bike. Bedl\u00ees\u00ee ew kirin yek \u00fb bi s\u00eestemeka bir\u00eaveber\u00ee ya taybet ew qani\u00a0 kirin, ku desthildar\u00ee bi m\u00eerat\u00ee be. Her wiha, n\u00fbner\u00ea sultan Bedl\u00ees\u00ee t\u00eakil\u00ee di navbera m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan \u00fb Seleteneya Osman\u00ee da, bi hevpeymaneka niv\u00eesk\u00ee ya xwer\u00eaveber\u00eey\u00ea ku t\u00ea da 46 m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan, ji wan 12 bi nav\u00ea Xan (\u015eerefxan Bedl\u00ees\u00ee-\u015eerefname) cih digirin, bir\u00eaxistin kir.<\/p>\n

Li bara v\u00ea mijar\u00ea, ge\u015ftger\u00ea osman\u00ee Ol\u00eeya \u00c7eleb\u00ee di n\u00eeveka sedsala 17an da, wiha niv\u00eesand:<\/p>\n

Ev 12 hik\u00fbmet\u00ean ji dema qan\u00fbna sultan Sel\u00eem ve, ne erkdar dikin \u00fb ne j\u00ee kes\u00ee ji kar derdixin, ew \u00fb nev\u00eey\u00ean wan ji al\u00eey\u00ean wez\u00eeran \u00fb bi fermana sultan t\u00eane bir\u00eavebirin \u00fb fermana sultan derbar\u00ea v\u00ea mijar\u00ea da ji wan ra t\u00ea \u015fandin. Her wiha, ni\u015ftecih\u00ean wan w\u00eelayetan kes\u00ea hakim nav\u00ea w\u00ee dikin Xan. \u015eukir ji xwed\u00ea ra, ez 7 salan li Kurdistan\u00ea ya xwed\u00ee axa kevir\u00ee ger\u00eeyam \u00fb derbar\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea da ti\u015ft\u00ean min bi belge kirin di pirt\u00fbkeka taybet da niv\u00eesand \u00fb eger ne ji heb\u00fbna Kurdistan\u00ea wek\u00ee bendaveka di navbera malbata osman \u00fb farisan da ba, ji bo osman aram\u00ee ne p\u00eakan b\u00fb, ji ber ku faris dijminek\u00ee kevnar\u00a0 \u00fb w\u00earek e.<\/p>\n

Ji ber qeder\u00ea helwesta kurdan, sultan Sel\u00eem ji m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan ra \u201c15 al \u00fb 500 cil\u00ean sultan\u00ee y\u00ean her\u00ee giranbuha\u201d r\u00eakirin (kurted\u00eeroka kurdan-r.249)<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, Kurdistan careka din bi awayek\u00ee lezg\u00een qada hevd\u00eetinan art\u00ea\u015f\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee. Heta sala 1550\u00ee, bajar\u00ean kurdan li ser dest\u00ea van herdu h\u00eazan rast\u00ee w\u00earankirina gi\u015ft\u00ee hat \u00fb her yek ji wan dest dan\u00ee ser axa ku kurd t\u00ea da gelek in.<\/p>\n

Di p\u00eavajoya\u00a0 ji sala 1514an heta daw\u00eeya serdema Sil\u00eaman Qan\u00fbn\u00ee sala 1566an da, kurd rast\u00ee cezay\u00ean be\u015f\u00ee hatin ku li dij hin m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan ev ceza hatin p\u00eakan\u00een. Lihevkirina gi\u015ft\u00ee ya kurd \u00fb tirkan di \u00c7ald\u00eeran\u00ea da, dengvedaneka w\u00ea di sal\u00ean desthildar\u00eey\u00ea y\u00ea Qan\u00fbn\u00ee da heb\u00fb, tev\u00ee ku w\u00ee lihevkirin binp\u00ea kir dema ku m\u00eerek\u00ee kurdan ji kar derxist \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ee kesek\u00ee ne m\u00eerata w\u00ee li Bedl\u00ees\u00ea erkdar kir. L\u00ea dema ku Murad\u00ea S\u00eayem desthildar\u00ee di sala 1574an da bi dest xist,\u201cpeymana a\u015fit\u00eey\u00ea\u201d ya riz\u00eeyay\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee dijwar hej\u00eeya. Lewra, welat\u00ea kurdan sal bi sal, bi awayek\u00ee domdar b\u00fb armanca \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ean sefew\u00eeyan \u00fb ev yek nedih\u00ee\u015ft ku avakirin ji ber hemley\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee y\u00ean li pey\u00ee hev \u00e7\u00eabibe \u00fb hejmareka mezin a kurdan di her hemleyek\u00ea da hatin ku\u015ftin. Dewlet\u00ea j\u00ee di parastina Kurdistan\u00ea li hember\u00ee sefew\u00eeyan xwe ji berpirs\u00eeyart\u00eeya xwe da al\u00ee, ji ber ku xweparastin berpirsyart\u00eeya kurdan b\u00fb, ji bil\u00ee rew\u015f\u00ean ku sultan p\u00eaw\u00eest dib\u00eene ku destwerdan\u00ea bike. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee, m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan temen\u00ea biserxweb\u00fbna xwe ya ku ji wan ra hatiye p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin, li beramber\u00ee art\u00ea\u015fek\u00ea ku di hem\u00fb waran da ji kurdan bih\u00eaztir in, dan.<\/p>\n

Her wiha, ji bil\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, lihevkirina a\u015fit\u00ee ya kurd \u00fb osman\u00eeyan bi awayek\u00ee tund\u00ee r\u00ea li p\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya ge\u015fb\u00fbna \u00e7i m\u00eerni\u015f\u00eeneka kurdan a navend\u00ee ji bo bir\u00eavebirina mijar\u00ean parastin \u00fb bir\u00eaveber\u00eey\u00ea girtib\u00fb \u00fb s\u00eenor\u00ean m\u00eerni\u015f\u00eenan \u00ean serbixwe wek\u00ee xwe man \u201cberfireh nedib\u00fbn \u00fb nedib\u00fbne yek\u201d di bin alek\u00ea da, ne ala malbata Osman.<\/p>\n

J\u00eerb\u00fbnek heye ku p\u00eaw\u00eest e were l\u00eakol\u00eenkirin \u00fb \u015fopandin, ku armanc j\u00ea bandor\u00ean al\u00eey\u00ean ol\u00ee li ser bir\u00eaveber\u00ean kurdan di p\u00eavajoya \u015fer\u00ea osman\u00ee \u00fb sefew\u00eeyan da, z\u00eade mezin kirine \u00fb kurd j\u00ee xwe dane al\u00eey\u00ea dewleta mezheb\u00ea sin\u00ee (osman\u00ee) ji ber bandora meyla mezheb\u00ee. Di rast\u00eey\u00ea da, b\u00fbyer\u00ean ku di \u201c\u015eerefname\u201dy\u00ea da hatin niv\u00eesandin ku ew j\u00ee giringtir\u00een \u00e7avkan\u00eey\u00ean d\u00eerokan kurdan e, n\u00ee\u015fan nade ku kurdan biryar\u00ean xwe ji ber mezheb\u00ean sin\u00ee an j\u00ee \u015f\u00ee\u00ee girtine, l\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ean ku di l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean n\u00fbjen da hatiye niv\u00eesandin, bi awayek\u00ee akadem\u00eek n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku berovaj\u00ee v\u00ea h\u00eepotez\u00ea ye. Her wiha, mijara \u201cneserkeftin\u00ea\u201d bi ketina kurdan di bin bandora hizira ol\u00ee da gir\u00eadidin. Ev j\u00ee encamek ku xwe nasp\u00eare tu belgeyan, l\u00ea ten\u00ea xwe disp\u00eare \u015firovey\u00ean rojava ji d\u00eeroka n\u00fbjen li rojhilat \u00fb mezinkirina faktor\u00ea ol\u00ee di \u00e7\u00eakirina b\u00fbyeran da.<\/p>\n

Eger em li nif\u00fbsa hers\u00ea gelan di destp\u00eaka sedsala 16an da bin\u00earin, t\u00eakil\u00eeya ps\u00eekoloj\u00ee ya bi away\u00ea avakirina dewlet\u00ea al\u00eeyek\u00ee w\u00ea d\u00eeyar dibe; tev\u00ee ku texm\u00een\u00ean nif\u00fbs\u00ea y\u00ean t\u00eane bawerkirin, xwe nasp\u00eare tu hejmar \u00fb serjimar\u00eeya bibelgekir\u00ee, l\u00ea mezinah\u00ee \u00fb girjb\u00fbna belavb\u00fbna erd\u00eengar\u00ee \u00fb qeb\u00eeleyan, d\u00eeyar dike ku hejmara nif\u00fbs\u00ea di navbera kurd, faris \u00fb tirkan da n\u00eaz\u00ee hev b\u00fbn. Xanedan\u00ean desthildar dikarib\u00fbn ku \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ean \u00eeran\u00ee \u00fb tirk\u00ee ku s\u00eenor\u00ea wan \u00ea mezheb\u00ee \u00fb etn\u00eek\u00ee derbas dike ava bikin, berovaj\u00ee kurdan ku dir\u00eajah\u00eeya serdem\u00ean nav\u00een \u00fb n\u00fbjen her\u00eam\u00ean k\u00eamtir\u00ee ji her\u00eam\u00ean ku t\u00ea da dij\u00een, bi r\u00ea ve birin. Gelek \u015f\u00eerove hene \u00fb dibe bi hev ra nakok bin \u00fb div\u00ea \u201cn\u00fbb\u00fbna bazirgan\u00ee\u00ac\u201d ney\u00ea pa\u015fguhkirin ku di dil\u00ea v\u00ea cudah\u00eey\u00ea da be. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, bir\u00eaveber\u00ean ku \u201cstratej\u00eeya bazirgan\u00ee\u201d di avakirina h\u00eaz\u00ean siyas\u00ee da pa\u015fguh kirin, nikar\u00eeb\u00fbn ku dewet\u00ean \u00eemperator ava bikin. Ev j\u00ee rew\u015fa kurdan b\u00fb \u00fb heta niha di Rojhilata Nav\u00een da \u00fb ew wek\u00ee ozbek, bel\u00fb\u00e7 \u00fb pe\u015ft\u00fbn hatin binavkirin, wek\u00ee h\u00eazeka ku r\u00ea li p\u00ea\u015f\u00eeya berfirehb\u00fbna sermaya bazirgan\u00ee digire. Bi gotineka din nikar\u00eeb\u00fbn xwe wek\u00ee hevkar\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee ji bo h\u00eaz\u00ean \u00eemperator\u00ee \u00fb pi\u015ftra j\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ya ku li dewlemend\u00ee \u00fb serwer\u00ee diger\u00eeya, bidin nas\u00een. Heta di lihevkirin\u00ean di navbera sultan Sel\u00eem\u00ea Yekem \u00fb m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan di navbera sal\u00ean 1514-1516an an, hevkar\u00eeyeka di cehwer\u00ea xwe da ku azad\u00eey\u00ea bidin kurdan, da ku kurd di tecr\u00eed\u00ea da bin.<\/p>\n

Her wiha, xwendina lihevkirin -hevkar\u00ee- di navbera Dewleta Osman\u00ee \u00fb kurdan da, destp\u00eak\u00ea ji sala 1514an da, ew j\u00ee b\u00fb qurbana h\u00eepoteza ol\u00ee, lewra ev b\u00fbyera gir\u00eeng di d\u00eeroka osman\u00ee da, bi qas\u00ee sasta guhartin\u00ea ku r\u00fb daye, negih\u00ee\u015ft asta nirxandineka h\u00eaja. Ev lihevkirin wek\u00ee stratej\u00eeyeka yekem a ku Dewleta Osman\u00ee bibe \u00eemperator\u00ee, ji ber ku heta ber\u00eeya v\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ea dewlet n\u00eev\u00ee balkan b\u00fb \u00fb n\u00eev j\u00ee anadol\u00ee b\u00fb. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea hevkar\u00eeya ku maf\u00ea bir\u00eavebirina m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean xwe \u00fb m\u00eerata w\u00ea dane m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan \u00fb maf\u00ea avakirina hik\u00fbmeteka konfederal bi nav\u00ea Kurdistan\u00ea dane wan, dewleta sefew\u00eeyan \u015fikest, ne di \u015fer\u00ea le\u015fker\u00ee (\u00c7ald\u00eeran) da, lewra bi awayek\u00ee lezg\u00een careka din paytexta Tebr\u00eez \u00fb piran\u00eeya axa Kurdistan\u00ea xiste bin serwer\u00eeya xwe. Ango hevkar\u00eeya bi m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan ra ji Urm\u00eey\u00ea heta Amed\u00ea winda kir \u00fb ev yek j\u00ee sefew\u00ee ne\u00e7ar kirin ku stratej\u00eeya xwe ji n\u00fb ve saz bikin, ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee li \u015f\u00fbna armanca \u00eemperator\u00ee ya \u015eah \u00cesma\u00eel\u00ea Sefew\u00ee ku \u00e7em\u00ea Firat\u00ea bibe s\u00eenor\u00ea xwezay\u00ee di navbera w\u00ee \u00fb osman\u00eeyan da, l\u00ea ten\u00ea bi \u00e7em\u00ea Aras\u00ea s\u00eenordar ma.<\/p>\n

Ji al\u00eeyek\u00ee din ve j\u00ee, sefew\u00eeyan hewl da ku s\u00fbd\u00ea ji \u015fa\u015ft\u00eey\u00ean osman\u00eeyan li Kurdistan\u00ea bigire, di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da dilsoz\u00eeya \u00e7end m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan bi awayek\u00ee ji hev cuda bi dest xistin, l\u00ea b\u00eay\u00ee ku di \u015fer\u00ea li ser hers\u00ea gir\u00ean li pey hev (faris, ermen \u00fb anadol\u00ee) guhartinek\u00ea \u00e7\u00eake.<\/p>\n

Mirov dikare formula hevk\u00ea\u015feya ber\u00eeya \u00c7ald\u00eeran\u00ea wiha biniv\u00eese:<\/p>\n

\u201cAl\u00eey\u00ea ku bi kurdan ra li hev bike, w\u00ea bibe h\u00eazeka serwer li her\u00eama Rojhilata Nav\u00een. Her wiha, helwesta sultan\u00ea osman\u00ee Yavuz Sel\u00eem bi p\u00eakan\u00eena lihevkirineka stratej\u00eek di navbera du h\u00eaz\u00ean ku mirov dikare bib\u00eaje wek\u00ee hev in (kurd \u00fb tirk), berhem\u00ean xwe y\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee dereng neman. Di heman dem\u00ea da, hevalbend\u00eeya ku hatiye \u00e7\u00eakirin, danp\u00eadan bi m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan y\u00ean hema bib\u00eaje serxweb\u00fbneka berfirehb\u00fbn \u00fb erk\u00ean ku veguhir\u00eene hik\u00fbmetek\u00ea, dikir. Ji hevalbend\u00eey\u00ea z\u00eadetir, ber bi \u00eemperator\u00eeya tirk-kurd ve di\u00e7\u00fb, wek\u00ee rew\u015fa \u00cemperator\u00eeya Aw\u00fbst\u00fbrya-Macaristan\u00ea. \u00c7i kes\u00ea ku d\u00eerok\u00ea bi baldar\u00ee di\u015fop\u00eene, w\u00ea xwezaya stratej\u00eek a hevkar\u00eeya di navbera welat\u00ea Andolya \u00fb Mezopotamyay\u00ea da bib\u00eene.\u201d<\/p>\n

(Ebdullah Ocalan-Nex\u015feya r\u00ea-r.108)<\/p>\n

H\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee, ji peymana stratej\u00eek a di navbera Sel\u00eem\u00ea Yekem \u00fb m\u00eer\u00ean kurdan da ti\u015ftek ji bil\u00ee b\u00eeran\u00een\u00ea nema. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan yek li pey yek\u00ea t\u00eak di\u00e7\u00fb \u00fb ji dema p\u00eakan\u00eena \u00e7eksazkirin\u00ea di Dewleta Osman\u00ee da ji destp\u00eaka sala 1839an da, li dij\u00ee m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan derbey\u00ean giran p\u00eak hatin. Di demek\u00ea da ku s\u00eenor\u00ea \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea li Balkan\u00ea k\u00eam dib\u00fb, di h\u00fbndir da tund\u00ee z\u00eadetir dib\u00fb, nexasim ku \u00e7\u00eena siyas\u00ee biryar da ku bersiva sedema bipa\u015fketina xwe\u00a0 \u00fb bip\u00ea\u015fketina Ewropay\u00ea, bide.<\/p>\n

D\u00eetina n\u00fb, p\u00eaw\u00eest\u00ee d\u00eet ku hem\u00fb m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean xwebir\u00eabirin\u00ea di dewlet\u00ea da ji hol\u00ea werin rakirin, ji nava wan j\u00ee w\u00eelayet\u00ean Kurdistan\u00ea. Bandora v\u00ea yek\u00ea ya yekser j\u00ee, aloz\u00eeya ol\u00ee di navbera p\u00eakhate \u00fb mezheban z\u00eadetir b\u00fb. Pi\u015ft\u00ee reforman (Xeta Kelxana 1839 – xeta Hemayon 1856), di \u00e7av\u00ean m\u00eer \u00fb \u015f\u00eax\u00ean kurdan da, dewlet b\u00fb al\u00eegir\u00ea xirist\u00eeyanan.<\/p>\n

Gelek pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee di \u015firovekirina v\u00ea p\u00eavajoy\u00ea da hene, l\u00ea encam\u00ean w\u00ea e\u015fkere ne. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, Dewleta Osman\u00ee M\u00eerni\u015f\u00eena Soran\u00ea ku \u00eero li Her\u00eama Kurdistana Iraq\u00ea dikeve, sala 1834an r\u00fbxand. Her wiha, m\u00eerni\u015f\u00eena Botan\u00ea j\u00ee sala 1847an bi daw\u00ee kir. Di heman dem\u00ea da, M\u00eerni\u015f\u00eena Baban\u00ea bi biryara osman\u00ee di n\u00eeveka sedsala 19an da, hate r\u00fbxandin. Her wiha, dema ku sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem desthildar\u00ee sala 1876an bi dest xist, m\u00eerni\u015f\u00een\u00ean kurdan \u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee ku ji roj\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea da b\u00fbne misliman, bi awayek\u00ee temam ji hol\u00ea rab\u00fb \u00fb li pey xwe aloz\u00ee, komkuj\u00ee \u00fb hemley\u00ean ko\u00e7berkirin\u00ea hi\u015ft.<\/p>\n

Sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem (1876-1909) dema desthildar\u00ee di p\u00eavajoyeka zehmet da bi dest xist, hewl da ku derbey\u00ea li reforman bixe \u00fb xebata bi dest\u00fbra ku w\u00ee bi xwe sala 1876an da, er\u00eakirina w\u00ea da, betal kir \u00fb taybetmend\u00eey\u00ean di reforman\u00ean ber\u00ea da dab\u00fbne ermenan, careka din ji wan stand.<\/p>\n

Kurdan yekser ew \u00ee\u015faret wergirtin ku \u00e7awa m\u00eerasa reform\u00ean osman\u00ee welat\u00ea wan veguherandin kavil \u00fb t\u00ea da talankirin \u00fb ku\u015ftin \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb. Careka din hevalbendek\u00ee wan \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb ew sultan bixwe b\u00fb \u00fb di dem\u00ean ber\u00ea da ten\u00ea carek\u00ea wisa b\u00fb bi sultan Sel\u00eem\u00ea Yekem. Her wiha, sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed metodek\u00ee n\u00fb afirand ku t\u00ea da r\u00ea da ku kurd cudakar\u00ee bixin navbera dewlet\u00ea \u00fb navbera xel\u00eefe-sultan da.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea watey\u00ea da, di serdema sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed da, kurd li dij dewleta bir\u00eaveber b\u00fbn (karmend, art\u00ea\u015f, wal\u00ee \u00fb hwd) \u00fb al\u00eegir\u00ean dewleta sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed. Mirov dikare bandora v\u00ea yek\u00ea bib\u00eene ku Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem yekser bi hin \u015f\u00eax\u00ean kurdan ra peywend\u00ee \u00e7\u00eadikir, b\u00eay\u00ee ku li nameyan saz\u00eey\u00ean ferm\u00ee vegere.<\/p>\n

Herdu al\u00ee kurd \u00fb sultan hesab\u00ean xwe y\u00ean taybet heb\u00fbn \u00fb di t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena li dij netewe \u00fb mezheb\u00ean al\u00eegir\u00ean R\u00fbsyay\u00ea di h\u00fbndir\u00ea dewlet\u00ea da, digiha\u015ftin hev. Ji ber berhem\u00eenan\u00ean hevber, jibil\u00ee pirb\u00fbna navend\u00ean serwer\u00eey\u00ea li Astanay\u00ea, gir\u00eengtir\u00een kesayet\u00ean kurd \u00ean di w\u00ea dem\u00ea da, \u015f\u00eax Ubeydulah El-Nehr\u00ee, \u015fore\u015feka ni\u015ftiman\u00ee ya kurd\u00ee ya gi\u015ft\u00ee ku axa Kurdistan\u00ea di herdu dewletan da \u00ceran \u00fb Osman\u00ee girte nava xwe, sala 1880\u00ee li dar xist. Pi\u015ft\u00ee \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa berfireh li dij baregeh\u00ean Qacaran li Kurdistana \u00ceran\u00ea, al\u00eegir\u00ean bir\u00eaveber\u00ea kurd\u00ee gelek her\u00eam\u00ean e\u015f\u00eer\u00ean kurdan li derdora Gola Urm\u00eey\u00ea rizgar kirin. L\u00ea pi\u015ftra, pi\u015ft\u00ee destwerdana siyas\u00ee ji al\u00eey\u00ea Dergeha Bilind ji bo rawestandina p\u00ea\u015fketina \u015f\u00eax Ubeydulah El-Neh\u00eer ku herdu dewlet ketib\u00fbne fikaran, ew t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn. Tev\u00ee ku dihate gotin lihevkirinek di navbera El-Nehr\u00ee \u00fb sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed da heb\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di sal\u00ean pi\u015ftra da, t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean di navbera kurdan \u00fb desthildar\u00eey\u00ea da agirbesteka neragihand\u00ee p\u00eak hat, ji ber lawazb\u00fbna h\u00eaz\u00ean civaka kurd\u00ee ya serbixwe \u00fb derketina bir\u00eaxistina Elw\u00eeya El-Hem\u00eed\u00eeye. L\u00ea ev agirbest, kurd\u00ean \u00eazid\u00ee \u00fb elew\u00ee negirtin nava xwe, ku her dem b\u00fbne armanca desthildar\u00eeya osman\u00ee ji yekem\u00een lihevkirina kurd\u00ee-tirk\u00ee ve.<\/p>\n

Bi serkeftina Ebdulhem\u00eed di kontrolkirina am\u00fbr\u00ean tund\u00eey\u00ea-desthildar\u00eey\u00ea di dewlet\u00ea da, s\u00ea vebijark\u00ean dijber\u00ee hev ji bo dewlet\u00ea derketin hol\u00ea, ku asta h\u00eaza wan ji hev cuda b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

1-Neteweya \u00eeslam\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
Portreya sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea duyem\/ Ar\u015f\u00eeva bir\u00eetan\u00ee<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015eablona reformist \u00ean dewlet\u00ea, s\u00eestem\u00ea ber bi \u201cdewleta netewey\u00ee\u201d ve dibe, l\u00ea desthildar\u00eeya navend\u00ee di rew\u015fa tevlihev da b\u00fb \u00fb dilsoz\u00eeya bi dewlet\u00ea ra ji al\u00eey\u00ea \u00e7\u00eeneka mezin a gel ve, xerab dib\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Li Kurdistan\u00ea, erkdarkirina wal\u00eeyan ji al\u00eey\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ve li ser kurdan, li \u015f\u00fbna xanedan\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ee y\u00ean kurdan \u00fb neserkeftina van herdu navendan di p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirina ti\u015ft\u00ean ji m\u00eer\u00ean ber\u00ea ba\u015ftir, hi\u015ft ku rewab\u00fbna dewlet\u00ea ji h\u00fbndir ve biheje. Her wiha, ji bil\u00ee ku dewlet\u00ea z\u00eadetir bala xwe da reformana ermenan \u00ean ku tev\u00ee h\u00eaza wan, l\u00ea nikar\u00eeb\u00fbn bi awayek\u00ee demdir\u00eaj li beramber\u00ee h\u00earsa kurdan ku d\u00eeyar dib\u00fb, xwe ragirtana. Lewra, aloz\u00ee z\u00eadetir b\u00fbn \u00fb \u00ead\u00ee di al\u00eey\u00ea civak\u00ee da li ber teq\u00een\u00ea b\u00fb, eger ku sultan Ebdulhemd\u00ea Duyem n\u00fbjekirina El-Hemeyon\u00ee ranewestanda bi r\u00eayeka tevlihev di bir\u00eavebirina pirreng\u00eeya \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea da. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea ber\u00ea xwe da destekday\u00eena bir\u00eaveber\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean kurd, \u00e7erkez \u00fb arnaut\u00ee di h\u00fbndir da li dij xirist\u00eeyan\u00ean ku Fransa, R\u00fbsya \u00fb Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea soza parastina wan dab\u00fb. Rast e ku biryara rawestandina demk\u00ee ji dest\u00fbra ku w\u00ee bixwe derxist dab\u00fb \u00fb pi\u015ftra bi t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna di \u015fer\u00ea bi R\u00fbsyay\u00ea ra sala 1878an da j\u00eeyan kir, her wiha pi\u015ftra li ser peymana San Stefanoy\u00ea ya bi \u015ferm \u00eem\u00eeze kir \u00fb pi\u015ftra j\u00ee peymana Berl\u00een\u00ea, l\u00ea van bip\u00ea\u015fketinan hi\u015ft ku dewlet ji ber\u00ea z\u00eadetir, bibe \u00eas\u00eer di dest\u00ea Bir\u00eatan\u00eeya \u00fb Fransay\u00ea da.<\/p>\n

\u00cad\u00ee dereng b\u00fb, r\u00eaya ku bap\u00eer\u00ea w\u00ee Mehm\u00fbd\u00ea Duyem \u00fb bav\u00ea w\u00ee Ebdulmec\u00eed\u00ea Yekem x\u00eaz kirib\u00fbn, rawest\u00eene. Her wiha, tu tevgereka reformant\u00ea ya xwed\u00ee koka osman\u00ee nehate avkirin, lewra li p\u00ea\u015f\u00a0 Ebdulhem\u00eed du r\u00ea man; an bi reformaxwaz\u00ean xwed\u00ee \u00e7anda frans\u00ee ra kar bike, an j\u00ee r\u00eeyaksiyon\u00ean\u00a0 h\u00fbndir\u00een xurt bike, da ku bir\u00eave\u00e7\u00fby\u00eena dewlet\u00ea ji \u00eemperator\u00ee ber bi \u201cdewleta netewey\u00ee\u201d ve, rawest\u00eene. W\u00ee r\u00eaya xurtkirina meyla\u00a0 muhafizkar hilbijart, b\u00eay\u00ee ku rewab\u00fbna n\u00fbnert\u00eey\u00ea bide, ji bil\u00ee Elw\u00eeya El-Hem\u00eed\u00eey\u00ea li Kurdistan\u00ea. Ev formul j\u00ee wek\u00ee berhema \u201cneteweya \u00eeslam\u00ea\u201d di hundir\u00ea dewlet\u00ea da b\u00fb, ku ew j\u00ee carinan di rew\u015f\u00ean \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ea da b\u00fb, carinan j\u00ee di rew\u015f\u00ean parastin\u00ea da b\u00fb li dij netewey\u00ean xirist\u00eeyan\u00ee, nexasim formula destwerdana dewleta ewropay\u00ee\u00ee hi\u015ft ku bi dir\u00eajah\u00eeya sed\u00ean salan bihevraj\u00eeyankirin xerab bibe. Di heman dem\u00ea da, xeyal ji bo be\u015fek mezin ji el\u00eet\u00ean gel\u00ean xirist\u00eeyan ra \u00e7\u00eakir ku rizgarb\u00fbna wan li ser biryara xweser\u00eeya \u015fore\u015f\u00ea dim\u00eene, ji ber ku derve amade ye \u015fore\u015fa wan veguher\u00eene destkeft\u00eey\u00ean biserxweb\u00fbn\u00ea.<\/p>\n

2- Neteweya osman\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hizira netewey\u00ee di p\u00eavajoy\u00ean paralel \u00ean p\u00ea\u015finyaz\u00ean reform\u00ea da derbas b\u00fb, ji nava wan ji bo bir\u00eaxistina \u201cosman\u00eey\u00ean n\u00fb\u201d ya bi bir\u00eavebir\u00eeya Namiq Kemal, p\u00ea\u015feng\u00ea netewey\u00ee y\u00ea osman\u00ee derket hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ti\u015ft\u00ean ku Namiq Kemal p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir, ji t\u00eeyor\u00eeyek\u00ea z\u00eadetir, d\u00eetinek b\u00fb. Lewra neteweya osman\u00ee hewldaneka her\u00eam\u00ee b\u00fb ku nehate d\u00fbbarekirin, di peydakirina \u00e7areser\u00eeya pirsgir\u00eaka bir\u00eaveber\u00eeya pirreng\u00ee ya hundir\u00een, bi hevseng\u00eeya n\u00fbjekirina dewlet\u00ea ku j\u00eaveger tuneye li gor\u00ee r\u00eabaz\u00ea dewleta netewey\u00ee. Ji ber ku tu nim\u00fbney\u00ean ne serkeft\u00ee di w\u00ea dem\u00ea da derneketin hol\u00ea, heta ku were teql\u00eedkirin.<\/p>\n

Ev hizir wekhev\u00eeya di navbera misliman, xirist\u00eeyan \u00fb cih\u00fbyan da, di nava hevgirtineka netewey\u00ee ku ji al\u00eey\u00ea dewlet\u00ea ve ji jor ve di bin desthildar\u00eeya malbata osman\u00ee da were afirandin, feriz dike. Ew -Namiq- xwed\u00ee meyl\u00ean tirk\u00ee di helbest \u00fb w\u00eajey\u00ea da b\u00fb, ku pi\u015ftra \u00eelham da gelek netewperestan \u00ean wek\u00ee Mustefa Kemal \u00fb Xal\u00eeda Ed\u00eeb, l\u00ea ji al\u00eey\u00ea sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem ve nedihate hezkirin, ku Ebdulhem\u00eed di b\u00eeran\u00ean xwe da ew wek\u00ee kesek\u00ee ku du j\u00eeyan\u00ean c\u00fbda dij\u00ee b\u00ea ku zanibe. L\u00ea tev\u00ee yek\u00ea j\u00ee, pesn\u00ea nakok\u00eeya Namiq bi koma Midhed Pa\u015fa ya her\u00ee biyan\u00ee, da.<\/p>\n

Di hewldan\u00ean w\u00ee y\u00ean t\u00eakbirina taybetmend\u00eey\u00ean ku ji rojava ra hatib\u00fbn day\u00een, du dubend\u00ee derketin hol\u00ea ku encameka karaset bi xwe ra an\u00ee. Ermenan bawer\u00eeya xwe wek\u00ee netewey\u00ee ku h\u00eaza wan a h\u00fbndir\u00een a \u00e7ekdar heye z\u00eade b\u00fb \u00fb \u00e7av\u00ea rojava \u00fb R\u00fbsyay\u00ea w\u00ea dipar\u00eazin. L\u00ea li beramber\u00ee w\u00ea j\u00ee, Ebdulhem\u00eed xebat kir da\u00a0 ku meyla serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea ya ermenan di h\u00fbndir\u00ea dewlet\u00ea da t\u00eak bibe. Bi gotineka din, di destp\u00eak\u00ea da fikira \u201cneteweya osman\u00ee\u201d d\u00eet ku t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbye, lewra destek da helwesta kom\u00ean musilman \u00ean c\u00eeran\u00ean ermenan, ji tirsa ku ermen \u00eari\u015f\u00ea ji al\u00eey\u00ea en\u00eeya r\u00fbs\u00ee ve \u00ear\u00ee\u015f\u00ee dewlet\u00ea bikin ku b\u00fbyereka bi v\u00ee away\u00ee di sal\u00ean 1894-1896an da \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb \u00fb bi komkuj\u00eeyeka li ser dest\u00ea hevalbend\u00eeya \u201cneteweya \u00eeslam\u00ee\u201d li dij \u201cneteweya osman\u00ee\u201d bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

3- Neteweya toran\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Destp\u00eaka damezrandina Komeleya \u00cethad \u00fb Tereq\u00ee di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya felsefeya poz\u00eet\u00eev\u00eest\u00a0 a tund da, vejandina hizira osman\u00ee b\u00fb, l\u00ea ev hizir di al\u00eey\u00ea d\u00eerok\u00ee da ne li gor\u00ee osman\u00ee b\u00fb. Komeley\u00ea, hewl dida xwe ji d\u00eeroka osman\u00ee d\u00fbr bixe \u00fb ji n\u00fb ve dest p\u00ea bike di bin heman nav\u00ee da. Pi\u015ft\u00ee sala 1906an, tevlihev\u00ee di hundir\u00ea komeley\u00ea da bi kontrolkirina endam\u00ean ku pi\u015ftgir\u00ee didan toran\u00eey\u00ea \u00fb tirkkirina tevah\u00eeya \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea derket \u00fb \u00ead\u00ee endam\u00ean ne toran\u00ee derketin, ji nava wan du ji\u00a0 damezr\u00eeneran, ku ew j\u00ee akadem\u00eest\u00ean kurd Ebdulah Cewdet \u00fb \u00ceshaq Sikot\u00ee, ji komeley\u00ea derketin.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea hizira netewey\u00ee, p\u00eaw\u00eest\u00eeya w\u00ea bi akadem\u00eesyon\u00ean mij\u00fbl, amade, yekgirt\u00ee \u00e7i ji h\u00eala afirandin\u00ea, an j\u00ee di al\u00eey\u00ea rast\u00eeyan ve. L\u00ea koma toran\u00ee ev yek di dest\u00ea wan da tune b\u00fb dema ku komeleya Ithad \u00fb Tereq\u00ee sala 1894an li Par\u00ees\u00ea hat avakirin , l\u00ea li Par\u00ees\u00ea bixwe ev kom ketine bin bandora s\u00ea ronakb\u00eeran ku berhem\u00ean wan t\u00eane \u015fopandin, l\u00eakol\u00eener N\u00eeyaz B\u00eerk\u00ee\u015f di pirt\u00fbka xwe da \u201cBip\u00ea\u015fketina sekular\u00eey\u00ea li Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ji wan \u00ea destp\u00eak\u00ea David Lyon, nirxandineka d\u00eerok\u00ee ya \u015fok heta ji bo neteweperest\u00ean osman\u00ee j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir, wek\u00ee Namiq Kemal, ku mongol\u00ee (ku wek\u00ee tirk bi nav kir) avaker\u00ean gir\u00eengtir\u00een \u00eemperator\u00ee di d\u00eerok\u00ea da \u00fb Ceng\u00eez Xan (\u00ea tirk) gewretir\u00een fermandar di d\u00eerok\u00ea da, bi nav kir.<\/p>\n

\u00ca duyem Arthir Lumley Davids ku di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya \u201cR\u00eazimana tirk\u00ee\u201d da peywend\u00eeya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya civak\u00ee di navbera ziman\u00ea tirk\u00ee \u00fb gel\u00ean tirk\u00ee da ji dema ber\u00ea heta serdema Mehm\u00fbd\u00ea Duyem, tekez kir. Her wiha, niv\u00eeskar\u00ean ewropah\u00ee \u00fb tirk rexne kirin ku ji ber cudah\u00eey\u00ea dixin navbera tetar \u00fb tirkan, bi n\u00ear\u00eena w\u00ee ew tirk in \u00fb ziman\u00ea wan j\u00ee tirk\u00ee ye. Di heman dem\u00ea da, pi\u015ft\u00ee mirina w\u00ee, day\u00eeka w\u00ee pirt\u00fbka w\u00ee werger kir \u00fb wek\u00ee d\u00eeyar\u00ee da sultan Mehm\u00fbd\u00ea Duyem.<\/p>\n

Ronakber\u00ea s\u00eayem, Arminiz Vampiri (1832-1913) ku l\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb ziman\u00ee li ser peywend\u00eeya etn\u00eek\u00ee di navbera gel\u00ean Asyaya Nav\u00een \u00fb tirk\u00ean Asyaya Pi\u00e7\u00fbk da, \u00e7\u00eakirin. Ev hers\u00ea j\u00ee ji cih\u00fby\u00ean Ewropay\u00ea b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

Tev\u00ee aloz\u00eey\u00ean dijwar di sedsala 19an da di navbera kurd \u00fb dewlet\u00ea da, hevalbend\u00eeya kurd \u00fb tirkan t\u00eak ne\u00e7\u00fb, l\u00ea rast\u00ee gelek \u015fikestin\u00ean dijwar di gelek p\u00eavajoyan da, nexasim di n\u00eeveka sedsala 19an da. Ji dema \u00c7ald\u00eeran\u00ea z\u00eadetir\u00ee 400 sal dir\u00eaj kir \u00fb ji dema Melazkert\u00ea da derdora 900 sal dir\u00eaj kir \u00fb di her carek\u00ea da ti\u015ftek d\u00eet ku w\u00ee veger\u00eene j\u00eeyan\u00ea \u00fb y\u00ea her\u00ee daw\u00ee p\u00eavajoya sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem b\u00fb. Wek\u00ee ku Hem\u00eed Boz Arselan di pir\u00fbka xwe ya \u201cD\u00eeroka Tirk\u00eeyay\u00ea ya N\u00fbjen\u201d da (r.19-20) \u015f\u00eerove dike:<\/p>\n

Ji ber p\u00eavajoya dir\u00eaj a desthildar\u00eeya sultan Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem; ku bi neb\u00fbna \u015fer\u00ean mezin di navbera sal\u00ean 1877 \u00fb 1909an da balk\u00ea\u015f b\u00fb, ku careka din hizir\u00eena bi \u00eemperator\u00ee di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya nasnameyeka n\u00fb da, derkeve hol\u00ea. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea da, Ebdulhem\u00eed\u00ea Duyem t\u00eagiha\u015ft ku \u00eemperator\u00ee di daw\u00eey\u00ea da w\u00ea di h\u00fbndir\u00ea Anadolyay\u00ea da s\u00eenordar bim\u00eene. Bawer\u00eeya w\u00ee armanc j\u00ea ew b\u00fb ku afirandina homojen\u00eey\u00ea di v\u00ea \u201cdendika hi\u015fk\u201d da \u00fb parastina w\u00ea bi kom\u00ean misliman, l\u00ea ne tirk\u00ee wek\u00ee kurd \u00fb ereban. Komkuj\u00eey\u00ean 1896-1894an ku her\u00ee k\u00eam b\u00fb sedema ku\u015ftina sed hezar ermen\u00ee, di rast\u00eey\u00ea da wek\u00ee gaveka yekem a jin\u00fbveke\u015fifkirina Anadolyay\u00ea wek\u00ee heb\u00fbneka tirk\u00ee \u00fb misliman, b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di 24\u00ea t\u00eermeha 1923yan da, \u00e7\u00eena serdest a Andolyay\u00ea biryar da ku ne ten\u00ea 400 sal\u00ee ji parastina kurd \u00fb tirkan a hevbe\u015f ji \u00eemperator\u00eey\u00ea ra, an j\u00ee her\u00ee k\u00eam en\u00eey\u00ean Kafkas\u00eeya \u00fb \u00ceran\u00ea bi daw\u00ee bikin, l\u00ea bel\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee Lozan\u00ea her ti\u015ft kirin da ku vej\u00eenkirina projeya Uzun Hesen ya tirkkirina Kurdistan\u00ea, pi\u015ftrast bikin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

HIS\u00caN CIMO Heger em hewl bidin r\u00fbpela yekem ji t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan biniv\u00eesin, w\u00ea destp\u00eak ji \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert (Menazkert bi ziman\u00ea kurd\u00ee \u00fb di d\u00eeroka ereban da Melazkurd) a sala 1071an be. Her wiha r\u00fbpela daw\u00ee j\u00ee, bi \u015fore\u015fa 1925an bi fermandar\u00eeya \u015e\u00eax Se\u00eed\u00ea P\u00eeran bi daw\u00ee dibe, ku ev j\u00ee b\u00fbyereka ji \u015fax\u00ean […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":902,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,22],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[191],"class_list":["post-901","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lozan","category-manshet"],"yoast_head":"\n9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"HIS\u00caN CIMO Heger em hewl bidin r\u00fbpela yekem ji t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan biniv\u00eesin, w\u00ea destp\u00eak ji \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert (Menazkert bi ziman\u00ea kurd\u00ee \u00fb di d\u00eeroka ereban da Melazkurd) a sala 1071an be. Her wiha r\u00fbpela daw\u00ee j\u00ee, bi \u015fore\u015fa 1925an bi fermandar\u00eeya \u015e\u00eax Se\u00eed\u00ea P\u00eeran bi daw\u00ee dibe, ku ev j\u00ee b\u00fbyereka ji \u015fax\u00ean […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-13T09:41:03+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-07-24T07:42:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"30 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1\"},\"headline\":\"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-13T09:41:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-07-24T07:42:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":8008,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Lozan\",\"Manshet\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/\",\"name\":\"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-07-13T09:41:03+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-07-24T07:42:55+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/07\\\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg\",\"width\":750,\"height\":430,\"caption\":\"W\u00eane ji al\u00eey\u00ea rojnameya bir\u00eetan\u00ee The Sphere ya komek \u00e7ekdar\u00ean kurd di sala 1906 da hate belavkirin \\\/ Ar\u015f\u00eeva Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/\",\"name\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"description\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1\",\"name\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g48edb19aea60f53bda6015f6c91c3761\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/author\\\/editor\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","og_description":"HIS\u00caN CIMO Heger em hewl bidin r\u00fbpela yekem ji t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan biniv\u00eesin, w\u00ea destp\u00eak ji \u015fer\u00ea Melazkert (Menazkert bi ziman\u00ea kurd\u00ee \u00fb di d\u00eeroka ereban da Melazkurd) a sala 1071an be. Her wiha r\u00fbpela daw\u00ee j\u00ee, bi \u015fore\u015fa 1925an bi fermandar\u00eeya \u015e\u00eax Se\u00eed\u00ea P\u00eeran bi daw\u00ee dibe, ku ev j\u00ee b\u00fbyereka ji \u015fax\u00ean […]","og_url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/","og_site_name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","article_published_time":"2023-07-13T09:41:03+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-07-24T07:42:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":750,"height":430,"url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","Est. reading time":"30 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/"},"author":{"name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#\/schema\/person\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1"},"headline":"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea","datePublished":"2023-07-13T09:41:03+00:00","dateModified":"2024-07-24T07:42:55+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/"},"wordCount":8008,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg","articleSection":["Lozan","Manshet"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/","url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/","name":"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg","datePublished":"2023-07-13T09:41:03+00:00","dateModified":"2024-07-24T07:42:55+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#\/schema\/person\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629-\u0645\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646-\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f-750x430-1.jpg","width":750,"height":430,"caption":"W\u00eane ji al\u00eey\u00ea rojnameya bir\u00eetan\u00ee The Sphere ya komek \u00e7ekdar\u00ean kurd di sala 1906 da hate belavkirin \/ Ar\u015f\u00eeva Bir\u00eetanyay\u00ea"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/9-sedsalen-tekiliyen-kurd-u-tirkan-beriya-lozane-2\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"9 sedsal\u00ean t\u00eakil\u00eey\u00ean kurd \u00fb tirkan ber\u00eeya Lozan\u00ea"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#website","url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/","name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","description":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#\/schema\/person\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1","name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g48edb19aea60f53bda6015f6c91c3761","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan"},"url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/author\/editor\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":191,"user_id":2,"is_guest":0,"slug":"editor","display_name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/901","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=901"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/901\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":995,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/901\/revisions\/995"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/902"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=901"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=901"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=901"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=901"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}