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\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Nirxandin: His\u00ean Cimo<\/strong><\/p>\n Yek ji n\u00fb\u00e7e \u00fb madey\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean her\u00ee z\u00eade t\u00eane xwendin taybet li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, y\u00ean ku behsa k\u00eamb\u00fbna serweriya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fketina eksen \u00fb blok\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fb dikin, ji wan \u00e7i bi r\u00eaveberiya \u00c7\u00een\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7i j\u00ee bi r\u00eaveberiya kom\u00ean wek\u00ee BRICS \u00fb R\u00eaxistina Shanghai ya Ewlekar\u00ee (SCO).<\/p>\n Li aliy\u00ea din j\u00ee, ji destp\u00eaka sedsala 20an ve, hizira”Hilwe\u015f\u00eene \u015faristaniya rojava”b\u00fb rojeva ramanwer, d\u00eeroknas \u00fb f\u00eelozosf\u00ean mezin, herwiha ev hizir veguher\u00ee n\u00eeqa\u015feke sereke ya hizir\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee. \u015firovekirina v\u00ea hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea cih\u00eareng b\u00fbn, h\u00eenek ji wan dib\u00eajin ku ev qedera d\u00eerok\u00ea ye \u00fb h\u00eenek din j\u00ee dib\u00eenin ku mirov dikare v\u00ea hilwe\u015f\u00eene rawest\u00eene an j\u00ee berovaj\u00ee bike, eger ku rojava xwe ji bo bingeh\u00ean xwe y\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee, amade neke. Oswald Spengler di xebat\u00ean xwe y\u00ean klas\u00eek”Neb\u00fbne rojava”dib\u00eene ku \u015faristan\u00ee di dewreya jiyana xwe ya normal de derbas dike, ango p\u00eer dibe \u00fb dimire \u00fb rojava j\u00ee bi rast\u00ee kete p\u00eavajoya hilwe\u015fandina ruh\u00ee \u00fb siyas\u00ee ya ku vegere j\u00ea tune ye. Beriya w\u00ea bi demeke dir\u00eaj, di sala 1789an de, d\u00eeroknas Edward Gibbon di pirt\u00fbka ya bi nav\u00ea”D\u00eeroka hilwe\u015fandin \u00fb r\u00fbxandina \u00eemparatoriya Roman\u00ee”bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene li ser faktor\u00ean navxwey\u00ee, wek\u00ee gendel\u00ee, par\u00e7ekirin \u00fb sistb\u00fbn, herwiha dib\u00eene ku \u00eemparator\u00ee di hundir de t\u00eak di\u00e7in, beriya ku ji aliy\u00ea derve ve werin t\u00eakbirin.<\/p>\n Di sal\u00ean 60\u00ee y\u00ean sedsala 20an de, ramanwer\u00ea amer\u00eek\u00ee James Burnhamv di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya bi sernav\u00ea”Xweku\u015ftina rojava”hi\u015fyar\u00ee da ku l\u00eeberal\u00eezma b\u00easn\u00eeor, h\u00ee\u015ft ku rojava \u00eeradeya parastina xwe winda bike. Ji aliy\u00ea din ve j\u00ee, Samuel Huntington di pirt\u00fbka xwe”R\u00fbbir\u00fbne \u015faristaniyan \u00fb jin\u00fbve avakirina s\u00eestema c\u00eehan\u00ee”n\u00ear\u00eeneke cuda da \u00fb dib\u00eene k uku gefa her\u00ee mezin ji bo rojava ya pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea Sar ji \u015faristaniy\u00ean hevrik t\u00ea \u00fb pa\u015fxistina navxwey\u00ee, dih\u00eale ku bi awayek\u00ee h\u00easan ji derve ve, bikevin hundir.<\/p>\n Di sal\u00ean daw\u00ee de, ev n\u00eeqa\u015f bi awayek\u00ee xurt \u00fb par\u00e7ekirin, b\u00fb rojev. Piraniya navl\u00eakirin r\u00fbxandin \u00fb hilwe\u015fandina \u015faristan\u00ee \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean w\u00ea ji akademiy\u00ea \u00e7apegor \u00ean liberal in(eger ku navl\u00eakirin rast be). Ev j\u00ee c\u00eehan\u00ea dabe\u015f\u00ee At\u00eena \u00fb Spartay\u00ea dikin \u00fb dib\u00eenin ku muhafezekar \u00fb rastgir, ew n\u00fbner\u00ea nim\u00fbneya Spartay\u00ea ya le\u015fker\u00ee ne li beramber\u00ee pa\u015fketine giyan\u00ea at\u00eenay\u00ee ku l\u00eeberal\u00ee ku difikirin n\u00fbnertiya wan dike.<\/p>\n Bi n\u00eaz\u00eekb\u00fbna p\u00eerozkirina 250 sal a damezrandina Amer\u00eekay\u00ea, pirsa ber\u00ea careke din derdikeve hol\u00ea: Gelo bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna serdama Amer\u00eekay\u00ea n\u00eaz b\u00fbye? Gelo Amer\u00eeka wek\u00ee \u015faristaniy\u00ean gewre ku t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fbn, wek\u00ee Roma \u00fb At\u00eenay\u00ea ye? Ev yek ji aliy\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00eener Johan Norberg di gotara xwe ya di rojnameya Washington Post t\u00ea \u015firovekirin ku Norberg d\u00eerok\u00ea bi berfireh\u00ee dinirx\u00eene da ku \u00eeht\u00eemal\u00ean hilwe\u015f\u00eena netewey\u00ean mezin \u00fb \u00e7i dibe sedema ku ew di dawiyek traj\u00eek re derbas bibin an j\u00ee ba\u015f bibin, l\u00eakol\u00een bike.<\/p>\n Norberg bib\u00eer dixe ku hilwe\u015fandina \u00eemperatoriya Romay\u00ea, wek\u00ee tirsek\u00ea kete nava xeyal\u00ean rojava \u00fb pi\u015ftrast kir ku netewey\u00ean her\u00ee xurt j\u00ee dibe ku werin hilwe\u015fandin. Herwiha, damezr\u00eener\u00ean Amer\u00eekay\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee zaneb\u00fbn, metod\u00ean xwe y\u00ean siyas\u00ee \u00fb avakirin\u00ea ji At\u00eena \u00fb Romaya kevn wergirtin \u00fb ji w\u00ea dem\u00ea ve, amer\u00eek\u00ee di nava tirs\u00ea de ne ku \u00e7aren\u00fbsa wan j\u00ee wek\u00ee Roma \u00fb At\u00eenay\u00ea be.<\/p>\n Norberg “Giyan\u00ea at\u00eenay\u00ea” bi nav dike ku ew giyan\u00ea vekirina li ser bazirgan\u00ee, ko\u00e7ber\u00ee, afirandin \u00fb diyalog\u00ea ye ku ev yek j\u00ee p\u00eavajoy\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ea diyar dike, l\u00ea pa\u015fketin dest p\u00ea dike dema ku “Hi\u015fmendiya spart\u00ee” serwer dike, ev hi\u015fmend\u00ee j\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean w\u00ea j\u00ee girtin \u00fb tirsa ji cih\u00eareng\u00ee \u00fb fikara serweriy\u00ea heye, wek\u00ee ku \u00e7awa li Sparta kevn \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, dema ku h\u00eaza w\u00ea ya le\u015fker\u00ee di navbera sal\u00ean 371 \u00fb 651\u00ea de beriya zay\u00een\u00ea, giha\u015ft l\u00fbtkeya xwe. Ev nim\u00fbne j\u00ee ji bo \u00c7\u00een \u00fb Amer\u00eekay\u00ea j\u00ee derbasdar e; mezinb\u00fbna \u00c7\u00een\u00ea di serdema Deng Xiaoping (1978\u20131992) berhem\u00ean vekirin\u00ea b\u00fbn, l\u00ea serdema\u00a0 Xi Jinping meyla w\u00ea ber bi girtin\u00ea ve b\u00fb, bi heman away\u00ee, di dehsal\u00ean daw\u00ee de, rojava ji ber teror\u00eezm, pandemiya koronavirus \u00fb kr\u00eez\u00ean abor\u00ee, k\u00eamb\u00fbnek di tolerans\u00ea de d\u00eetiye, ku ev yek j\u00ee dabe\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean navxwey\u00ee z\u00eadetir kiriye.<\/p>\n Di heman dem\u00ea de, Norberg dib\u00eene ku derketine rastgir\u00ea netewperest \u00fb \u00e7epgir\u00ea ne liberal, meylek\u00ee hevbe\u015f \u00e7\u00eadike ji bo \u00e7ewisandina n\u00ear\u00eena dijber \u00fb ferizkirina homojeniya hizir\u00ee \u00fb ev yek j\u00ee gefeke bingeh\u00een e ji bo demokrasiy\u00ea.<\/p>\n S\u00eestema rawestiyay\u00ee \u00fb dawiya derketina h\u00eazan<\/strong><\/p>\n Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, Mamostey\u00ea di Be\u015fa Zanist\u00ean Siyas\u00ee ya li Zan\u00eengeha Tuftas ya amer\u00eek\u00ee Michael Beckley, van n\u00eeqa\u015fan di gotareke dir\u00eaj ya di kovara”Foreign Affairs”de t\u00eene ziman \u00fb ev be\u015feke hilbijart\u00ee \u00fb dir\u00eaj ji gotara ku w\u00ee niv\u00eesandiye:<\/p>\n Di sala 1898an de, di demek\u00ea de ku Bir\u00eetaniya be\u015fdar\u00ee h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin \u00ean din dib\u00fb ji bo par\u00e7ekirina \u00eemperatoriya Qing a \u00c7\u00een\u00ea ya r\u00fbxandin\u00ee, serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Bir\u00eetaniyay\u00ea Lord Salisbury li London\u00ea di civ\u00eenek\u00ea de hi\u015fyar\u00ee da gel ku c\u00eehan dabe\u015f\u00ee “netewey\u00ean zind\u00ee” \u00fb “netewey\u00ean dimirin” dibe. Netewey\u00ean zind\u00ee ew h\u00eaza di serdema p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea de derketin, ango ew dewlet\u00ean xwed\u00ee nif\u00fbsa z\u00eade \u00fb takn\u00eek\u00ean veguhartin\u00ea \u00fb art\u00ea\u015f\u00ean mezin. L\u00ea netewey\u00ean mir\u00ee \u00eemparatoriy\u00ean b\u00ea\u00e7alak b\u00fbn ku bar\u00ea wan \u00ea gendeliy\u00ea b\u00fb, xwe disp\u00earin r\u00eabaz\u00ean kevnar \u00fb ber bi hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea ve di\u00e7in. Salisbury ditirsiya ku bilindb\u00fbna hinan \u00fb pev\u00e7\u00fbna bi daketina y\u00ean din re d\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea bixe nav \u015ferek\u00ee felaket\u00ee.<\/p>\n \u00cero, ev serdema guhertin\u00ean h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin ber bi daw\u00ee ve di\u00e7e. Ji bo cara yekem di nav sedsalan de, tu dewletek bi h\u00eaz dernakeve ku hevsengiya c\u00eehan\u00ee t\u00eak bibe. Ge\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ean demograf\u00eek, p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea \u00fb berfirehb\u00fbna ax\u00ea ku b\u00fbne sedema bilindb\u00fbna h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin, hema hema bi daw\u00ee b\u00fbne. \u00c7\u00een, ya daw\u00een ji h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin, giha\u015ftiye l\u00fbtkey\u00ea; aboriya w\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee dibe \u00fb nif\u00fbsa w\u00ea k\u00eam dibe. Japonya, R\u00fbsya \u00fb Ewropa ji deh salan z\u00eadetir e ku di rew\u015feke neba\u015f de ne. Hindistan xwed\u00ee nif\u00fbseke mezin a ciwanan e, l\u00ea sermayeya mirov\u00ee \u00fb kapas\u00eeteya saz\u00fbman\u00ee ya ku w\u00ea veguher\u00eene h\u00eaz\u00ea tuneye. Amer\u00eeka bi pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean xwe re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye – deyn, mezinb\u00fbna h\u00ead\u00ee \u00fb nelir\u00eatiya siyaset\u00ea – l\u00ea d\u00eesa j\u00ee ji req\u00eeb\u00ean xwe y\u00ean ku dikevin nav k\u00eamb\u00fbn\u00ea \u00e7\u00eatir performans dike. Bilindb\u00fbna bilez a ku jeopol\u00eet\u00eeka n\u00fbjen diyar kir, r\u00ea li ber qeli\u015fandin \u00fb b\u00ea\u00e7alakb\u00fbn\u00ea vekiriye: c\u00eehana \u00eero klubeke girt\u00ee ya h\u00eaz\u00ean p\u00eer e ku ji h\u00eala h\u00eaz\u00ean nav\u00een, welat\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee \u00fb dewlet\u00ean t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fby\u00ee ve hatiye dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirin.<\/p>\n Ev yek bi xwe re encam\u00ean k\u00fbr t\u00eene. Di demeke dir\u00eaj de, dibe ku c\u00eehan ji \u00e7erxeke w\u00earankirin\u00ea rizgar bibe, ku herdem bi derketina h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin re \u00fb hewldan\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean desteserkirina ax\u00ea, madeyan \u00fb cih, ev yek \u00e7\u00eadibe. L\u00ea di dema kurt de, rawestandin \u00fb r\u00fbbir\u00fbn\u00ean demograf\u00eek metirsiy\u00ean dijwar bi xwe re t\u00eene: Dewlet\u00ean lawaz ji ber dey\u00een \u00fb teq\u00eenan ciwanan w\u00earan dibin \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean pa\u015fket\u00ee, ber\u00ea xwe didin le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb berfirehb\u00fbna netewperest\u00ee, ji bo rawestandina pa\u015fketin\u00ea. Herwiha neb\u00fbna ewleh\u00eeya abor\u00ee tundrewiy\u00ea gur dike \u00fb demokrasiyan t\u00eak dibe, di heman dem\u00ea de Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ber bi yekal\u00eet\u00eeya tund\u00fbt\u00fbj ve di\u00e7e. Serdema h\u00eaz\u00ean ku derdikevin hol\u00ea bi daw\u00ee dibe, l\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku pa\u015f\u00ea t\u00ea dibe ku ne k\u00eamtir tund\u00fbt\u00fbj be.<\/p>\n Tev\u00ee berawirdkirina hevpar a \u00c7\u00een\u00ea bi At\u00eenayeke hilket\u00ee \u00fb Amer\u00eeka bi Spartayeke di bin gef\u00ea de, t\u00eagiha “h\u00eaz\u00ean hilket\u00ee” diyardeyeke n\u00fb ye. Ew ten\u00ea 250 sal ber\u00ea, bi \u015eore\u015fa P\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea re derket hol\u00ea, dema ku enerjiya ji komir, buhar \u00fb petrol\u00ea dihat wergirtin civakan ji “dafika Malthusian” rizgar kir, ku t\u00ea de her z\u00eadeb\u00fbna dewlemendiy\u00ea ji h\u00eala mezinb\u00fbna nif\u00fbs\u00ea ve dihat ki\u015fandin \u00fb asta jiyan\u00ea di asta debara jiyan\u00ea de sekin\u00ee hi\u015ft. Ji bo cara yekem, dewlemend\u00ee, nif\u00fbs \u00fb h\u00eaza le\u015fker\u00ee dikarin bi hev re berfireh bibin \u00fb mezin bibin, li \u015f\u00fbna ku hevdu betal bikin \u00fb r\u00ea dan dewletan ku h\u00eaz\u00ea li ser r\u00eagehek ber bi jor ve ya domdar kom bikin. Ev veguher\u00een ji h\u00eala s\u00ea faktor\u00ean sereke ve hate r\u00eavekirin: teknolojiy\u00ean ku hilber\u00een z\u00eade kirin, teq\u00eena nif\u00fbs\u00ea ku h\u00eaza kar \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean \u00e7ekdar berfireh kir \u00fb mak\u00eeney\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee ku fetihkirina bilez gengaz kirin.<\/p>\n C\u00eehana ber\u00ee p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ev d\u00eenam\u00eek tuneb\u00fbn. Ji 1801 heta 1820an, dahata ser\u00ea kes\u00ee ya c\u00eehan\u00ee salane ten\u00ea %0.017 z\u00eade dib\u00fb, k\u00eamtir ji %2 di sedsal\u00ea de. Bi belavb\u00fbna xizaniy\u00ea re, guhertin\u00ean h\u00eaz\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee neasay\u00ee \u00e7\u00eadib\u00fbn, pir caran bi r\u00eaya desteserkirina \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean k\u00eam. \u00cemperatoriy\u00ean \u00c7\u00een \u00fb Hindistan\u00ea z\u00eadehiy\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea kom kirin, Vened\u00eek \u00fb Osmaniyan bac li ser bazirganiy\u00ea dan, Spanya \u00fb Portek\u00eez z\u00eev talan kirin \u00fb xanedaniy\u00ean Habsburg \u00fb Bourbon bandora xwe bi r\u00eaya zewac\u00ean xanedaniy\u00ea berfireh kirin. \u00car\u00ee\u015f\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee – siwar\u00ee di bin Mughal de an bar\u00fbt di bin Osman\u00ee, Sefew\u00ee \u00fb Megolan de li Hindistan\u00ea – hevsengiya h\u00eaz\u00ea demk\u00ee guherand heya ku hevrik xwe adapte kirin. Heta dewleta le\u015fker\u00ee-daray\u00ee ya br\u00eetan\u00ee ya navdar j\u00ee ji bil\u00ee rijandina \u00e7avkaniyan ji c\u00eehanek jixwe k\u00eam ti\u015ftek din nekir.<\/p>\n \u015eore\u015fa p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea, serweriya madey\u00ean k\u00eam \u015fikand \u00fb \u00ead\u00ee berhem b\u00fb bingeha h\u00eaz\u00ea, di encam\u00ea de\u00a0 k\u00eam\u00ee sedsalek\u00ea, civak ji sedsal\u00ean nav\u00ee, veguhartin serdema n\u00fbjen. Welat\u00ea bir\u00eatan\u00ee y\u00ea ku di sala 1830\u00ee de ji day\u00eek b\u00fbye, bi m\u00fbm, erebey\u00ean dar\u00een \u00fb ke\u015ftiyan \u00e7av\u00ean xwe vekirin, l\u00ea di temen\u00ea xwe y\u00ea mezin de, xwe li tir\u00eanan dikir \u00fb telegraf di\u015fandin \u00fb di kolan\u00ean ron\u00eekir\u00ee bi kehbrey\u00ea dime\u015fiya \u00fb li derdora w\u00ee kel\u00fbpel\u00ean \u00e7\u00eakir\u00ee heb\u00fbn. Di yek temen\u00ee de, xerckirina kesek\u00ee ji enerjiy\u00ea re ji p\u00eanc heta deh qatan z\u00eade b\u00fb.<\/p>\n Ev veguher\u00eena mezin b\u00fb sedema yekem h\u00eaz\u00ean n\u00fbjen \u00ean bilindb\u00fby\u00ee. Di sedsala nozdehan de, dahata ser\u00ea kes\u00ee 30 caran ji serdema ber\u00ee p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea z\u00fbtir mezin b\u00fb \u00fb destkeft\u00ee li \u00e7end welatan kom b\u00fbn \u00fb nehevsengiy\u00ean mezin \u00ean h\u00eaz\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirin. Heta sala 1900, ni\u015ftecih\u00ean welat\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee y\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee he\u015ft heta deh caran dahata ser\u00ea kes\u00ee ya \u00c7\u00een an Hindistan\u00ea \u00fb gelek caran ya R\u00fbsya \u00fb \u00cemperatoriy\u00ean Habsburg \u00fb Osman\u00ee qezenc dikirin. “Wekheviya texm\u00een\u00ee” veguher\u00ee “Par\u00e7eb\u00fbna Mezin” di navbera rojava \u00fb c\u00eehan\u00ea de.<\/p>\n Z\u00eadeb\u00fbna hilber\u00een\u00ea b\u00fb sedema ge\u015fb\u00fbneke nif\u00fbs\u00ea. Civak\u00ean ber\u00ee p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea bi zor\u00ea mezin dib\u00fbn; hezar sal lazim b\u00fb ku nif\u00fbs du qat bibe. Bi p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea re, ew s\u00eenor hatin \u015fikandin: di sedsala 19an de, nif\u00fbsa c\u00eehan\u00ea bi r\u00eajeyek ji deh qatan z\u00eadetir ji nav\u00een\u00eeya di navbera 1750 \u00fb 1860an de mezin b\u00fb. \u00c7andiniya mekan\u00eek\u00ee, paqij\u00ee, elektr\u00eek, sarinc \u00fb derman\u00ea n\u00fbjen temen\u00ea jiyana gerd\u00fbn\u00ee di navbera 1770 \u00fb 1950an de ji %60 z\u00eadetir z\u00eade kir \u00fb b\u00fb sedema ku nif\u00fbs her yek an du nif\u015fan carek\u00ea du qat bibe. Almanya, Br\u00eetanya \u00fb Amer\u00eeka p\u00ea\u015fengiya v\u00ea ge\u015fb\u00fbn\u00ea kirin, li d\u00fb wan Japonya \u00fb R\u00fbsya hatin, di heman dem\u00ea de \u00c7\u00een, Hindistan \u00fb \u00cemperatoriy\u00ean Habsburg \u00fb Osman\u00ee li pa\u015f man.<\/p>\n Mirovan h\u00eaza mirov\u00ee ji bo art\u00ea\u015f\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee peyda kirin, ku p\u00eakhateya s\u00eayem\u00een a v\u00ea h\u00eaza bilind b\u00fb. \u015eer\u00ea ber\u00ee p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea hovane b\u00fb l\u00ea di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya xwe de s\u00eenordar b\u00fb. Art\u00ea\u015f pi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00fb demsal\u00ee b\u00fbn, li ser erd\u00ean fetihkir\u00ee debara xwe dikirin \u00fb bi leza hespan an ke\u015ftiyan di\u00e7\u00fbn. Bi \u00e7ek\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea \u00fb loj\u00eest\u00eeka xirab, \u015fer pir caran l\u00ea b\u00ea encam b\u00fbn. Bi p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea re, her ti\u015ft guher\u00ee: tr\u00ean, ke\u015ft\u00eey\u00ean buhar\u00ea \u00fb telgrafan seferberiya girsey\u00ee gengaz kirin, di heman dem\u00ea de tifing, \u00e7ek\u00ean mak\u00eeney\u00ee \u00fb top\u00ean giran h\u00eaza w\u00earanker z\u00eade kirin. Di destp\u00eaka sedsala 20\u00ee de, \u00eemparator\u00eey\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea \u00e7ar ji p\u00eancan ji gerst\u00eark\u00ea kontrol dikirin \u00fb nex\u015fe b\u00fbb\u00fb texteyek satranc\u00ea ku ji h\u00eala \u00e7end h\u00eaz\u00ean n\u00fb derdikevin ve dihat serdestkirin.<\/p>\n Ji bay\u00ea ba\u015f ber bi bay\u00ea berevaj\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n Niha, ew der\u00ee t\u00ean girtin. Berhemdar\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee dibe, nif\u00fbs k\u00eam dibe \u00fb fetihkirin her ku di\u00e7e dijwartir dibe. Teknolojiy\u00ean hey\u00ee, her \u00e7end\u00ee bandorker bin j\u00ee, \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ean jiyan\u00ea bi qas\u00ee \u015eore\u015fa P\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea bi awayek\u00ee dramat\u00eek neguherandine. Z\u00eerekiya \u00e7\u00eakir\u00ee, tev\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fb\u00eeniy\u00ean z\u00eadekir\u00ee ku ew \u00ea hilber\u00eena gerd\u00fbn\u00ee salane bi r\u00eajeya 30% z\u00eade bike, niha ji h\u00eala piraniya abor\u00eenasan ve t\u00ea h\u00eav\u00eekirin ku sal\u00ea ji sed\u00ee yek z\u00eadetir z\u00eade neke. Ew di kar\u00ean d\u00eej\u00eetal de serket\u00ee ye, l\u00ea astengiy\u00ean sereke y\u00ean di kar de di war\u00ean f\u00eez\u00eek\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee de ne.<\/p>\n B\u00eay\u00ee mezinb\u00fbna abor\u00ee an vej\u00eena demograf\u00eek, fetihkirin dibe ku ji bo kes\u00ean ku dixwazin bibin desthilatdar wek\u00ee \u00e7areya daw\u00een xuya bike. L\u00ea ev r\u00ea j\u00ee bi berdewam\u00ee teng dibe. Belavb\u00fbna teknolojiy\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea – r\u00eahesin, telegraf \u00fb elektr\u00eek – avakirina netewey\u00ea \u00fb kolon\u00eezasyon\u00ea h\u00easan kir, ji sala 1900\u00ee vir ve hejmara dewlet\u00ean netewey\u00ee \u00e7ar qat z\u00eade kir. Ji w\u00ea dem\u00ea ve, z\u00eadetir\u00ee 160 dagirker\u00ean biyan\u00ee di serhildanan de as\u00ea mane, ji ber ku \u00e7ek\u00ean erzan, hawan \u00fb roket, gund veguherandine qad\u00ean ku\u015ftin\u00ea. \u00c7ek\u00ean navok\u00ee gefa dagirkirin\u00ea heb\u00fbn\u00ee kirine, di heman dem\u00ea de cebilxane \u00fb dron\u00ean bi r\u00eaberiya rast r\u00ea didin mil\u00ees\u00ean pi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00ean m\u00eena H\u00fbsiyan ku ke\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb tankan ne\u00e7alak bikin. Di heman dem\u00ea de, talana fetih\u00ea k\u00eam b\u00fbye: erd \u00fb maden\u00ean ku ber\u00ea \u00eemparatoriyan dewlemend dikirin niha bi piran\u00ee b\u00eaq\u00eemet in \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee 90 ji sed\u00ee ji heb\u00fbn\u00ean \u015f\u00eerketan li aboriy\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee neberbi\u00e7av in – nermalav, patent \u00fb markey\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee – ku nay\u00ean talankirin.<\/p>\n Ji bo h\u00eaz\u00ean bilind \u00ean ambicioz \u00ean c\u00eehana p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee, hilki\u015f\u00een pir dijwartir e. \u015e\u00eerket\u00ean pirnetewey\u00ee y\u00ean ji netewey\u00ean dewlemend sermaye \u00fb teknolojiy\u00ea serdest dikin \u00fb hilber\u00eena gerd\u00fbn\u00ee per\u00e7e per\u00e7e \u00fb teng b\u00fbye, y\u00ean ku li pa\u015f mane mehk\u00fbm\u00ee rol\u00ean k\u00eam-nirx – komkirina kel\u00fbpelan an hinardekirina madey\u00ean xav – b\u00eay\u00ee derfeta avakirina \u015f\u00eerket\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fbaz \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ee dike.<\/p>\n Leza d\u00eerok\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee dramat\u00eek h\u00ead\u00ee b\u00fbye. Ji bil\u00ee \u00e7end \u00eest\u00eesnayan, netewey\u00ean dewlemend \u00fb bih\u00eaz \u00ean 1980y\u00ee \u00eero j\u00ee wiha dim\u00eenin, di heman dem\u00ea de piraniya netewey\u00ean xizan xizan dim\u00eenin. Di navbera 1850 \u00fb 1949an de, p\u00eanc h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin \u00ean n\u00fb derketine hol\u00ea, l\u00ea di 75 sal\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f de ten\u00ea yek derketiye hol\u00ea: \u00c7\u00een. \u00db dibe ku ya daw\u00een be.<\/p>\n “Rab\u00fbna y\u00ean may\u00ee”<\/strong><\/p>\n Wek\u00ee h\u00eaza serdest a c\u00eehan\u00ea, Amer\u00eeka leza bilindb\u00fbn an daketina c\u00eehan\u00ea li gor\u00ee w\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fan dike. Di destp\u00eaka sedsala 21\u00ea de, ew leza karesatbar b\u00fb. Di sala 2001\u00ea de, Amer\u00eekay\u00ea \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa her\u00ee mezin a li ser axa xwe di d\u00eerok\u00ea de d\u00eet. Di deh sal\u00ean p\u00ea\u015f de, w\u00ea du ji s\u00ea \u015fer\u00ean xwe y\u00ean her\u00ee dir\u00eaj \u015fer kir, ku bi sed hezaran jiyan, di nav de bi hezaran amer\u00eekay\u00ee \u00fb 8 tr\u00eelyon dolar, b\u00eay\u00ee ku serkeftinek biryardar bi dest bixe, bi dest xist. Di sala 2008an de, w\u00ea hilwe\u015f\u00eena daray\u00ee ya her\u00ee xirab ji Depresyona Mezin vir ve d\u00eet.<\/p>\n Di v\u00ea navber\u00ea de, aboriy\u00ean din j\u00ee valah\u00ee k\u00eam dikirin. Di navbera sal\u00ean 2000 \u00fb 2010an de, GDPya \u00c7\u00een\u00ea (bi dolar) ji sed\u00ee 12an ber bi sed\u00ee 41\u00ea GDPya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00fb. Para R\u00fbsyay\u00ea \u00e7ar qat z\u00eade b\u00fb, ya Brez\u00eelya \u00fb Hindistan\u00ea ji du qatan z\u00eadetir b\u00fb \u00fb aboriy\u00ean mezin \u00ean Ewropay\u00ee destkeftiy\u00ean gir\u00eeng bi dest xistin. Gelek \u00e7avd\u00earan van guhertinan wek\u00ee n\u00ee\u015fanek veguhestineke destan\u00ee ya desthilatdariy\u00ea d\u00eetin, ku niv\u00eeskar Fer\u00eed Zekariya wek\u00ee “bilindb\u00fbna y\u00ean may\u00ee” di c\u00eehaneke “pi\u015ft\u00ee-amer\u00eekay\u00ee” de bi nav kir. L\u00ea rew\u015f z\u00fb guher\u00ee. Di dehsala duyem\u00een a sedsala 21\u00ea de, piraniya aboriy\u00ean mezin pa\u015fve \u00e7\u00fbn.<\/p>\n Bahoz kom dibin<\/strong><\/p>\n Serdema h\u00eaz\u00ean bilindb\u00fby\u00ee ber bi dawiy\u00ea ve di\u00e7e \u00fb encam\u00ean w\u00ea jixwe pev\u00e7\u00fbnan gur dikin. Yek ji gefan ew e ku dewlet\u00ean b\u00ea\u00e7alak ji bo vegerandina axa windab\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb parastina statuya xwe leza le\u015fker\u00eekirina xwe z\u00eade dikin. R\u00fbsyay\u00ea ber\u00ea xwe daye Ukraynay\u00ea \u00fb ger b\u00ea kontrol bim\u00eene, ew dikare ber\u00ea xwe bide c\u00eeran\u00ean dewlemendtir \u00ean wek\u00ee welat\u00ean Balt\u00eek an Polonyay\u00ea. Dibe ku \u00c7\u00een ti\u015ftek\u00ee wiha li dij\u00ee Taywan\u00ea bike. Ji bo h\u00eaz\u00ean ku ber\u00ea bilind dib\u00fbn \u00fb niha bi b\u00ea\u00e7alakb\u00fbn\u00ea re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ne, fetihkirin balk\u00ea\u015f e – desteserkirina \u00e7avkan\u00ee \u00fb prest\u00eej\u00ea, tevl\u00eekirina nif\u00fbsa ku dahata ser\u00ea kes\u00ee dibe ku du qat ji ya wel\u00eat be \u00fb r\u00eadana r\u00eaberan ku rol\u00ean avaker\u00ean \u00eemparator\u00ee bigirin ser xwe ne ku par\u00eazvan\u00ean hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea.<\/p>\n Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku li benda me ye ne s\u00eestemeke c\u00eehan\u00ee ya pirqutb\u00ee ye ku h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin c\u00eehan\u00ea dabe\u015f dikin, l\u00ea bel\u00ea dubarekirina hin aliy\u00ean her\u00ee xirab \u00ean sedsala 20an e: dewlet\u00ean t\u00eako\u015fer \u00e7ek\u00ean xwe lez dikin, dewlet\u00ean nazik hildiwe\u015fin, demokras\u00ee ji hundur ve dirizin \u00fb garantorek qa\u015fo ya r\u00eazik\u00ea vedigere ber bi berjewendiya netewey\u00ee ve.<\/p>\n Ger xeterey\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een werin kontrolkirin, dawiya serdema h\u00eaz\u00ean bilindb\u00fby\u00ee dibe ku bibe sedema p\u00ea\u015ferojek ge\u015ftir. Bi sedsalan e, bilindb\u00fbn \u00fb ketina h\u00eazan hin ji \u015fer\u00ean her\u00ee xw\u00een\u00ee y\u00ean d\u00eerok\u00ea derxistine hol\u00ea. B\u00eay\u00ee dijber\u00ean n\u00fb, dibe ku c\u00eehan di dawiy\u00ea de ji yek ji \u00e7erx\u00ean xwe y\u00ean her\u00ee w\u00earanker b\u00eahna xwe vede: p\u00ea\u015fbirka ji bo hegemonyay\u00ea.<\/p>\n Wek\u00ee ku Graham Allison d\u00eetiye, di du \u00fb n\u00eev sedsal\u00ean bor\u00ee de deh m\u00eenak hatine d\u00eetin ku h\u00eazek bilindb\u00fby\u00ee bi h\u00eazek serdest re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb maye; heft ji van bi komkujiyan bi daw\u00ee b\u00fbne. Dibe ku em li ser m\u00eenak\u00ean w\u00ee y\u00ean taybet\u00ee ne li hev bikin, l\u00ea \u015f\u00eawaz e\u015fkere ye: h\u00eaz\u00ean bilindb\u00fby\u00ee hema hema her nif\u015fek \u015ferek\u00ee karesatbar p\u00eaxistine.<\/p>\n C\u00eehanek b\u00eay\u00ee h\u00eaz\u00ean bilindb\u00fby\u00ee d\u00ea \u015feran bi daw\u00ee neke, l\u00ea dibe ku ew xeyala wan nakokiy\u00ean w\u00earanker ji hol\u00ea rake. C\u00eehanek k\u00eamtir d\u00eenam\u00eek dibe ku bibe sedema p\u00ea\u015fbirkek pragmat\u00eek di navbera rej\u00eem\u00ean l\u00eeberal \u00fb otor\u00eeter de, li \u015f\u00fbna kampanyay\u00ean total\u00eeter \u00ean fa\u015f\u00eezm \u00fb komun\u00eezm\u00ea ku ji bahoz\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea derketin \u00fb xwestin “mirovahiy\u00ea ji n\u00fb ve biafir\u00eenin”. “Dawiya d\u00eerok\u00ea” d\u00ea bi daw\u00ee nebe, l\u00ea dibe ku be\u015fa w\u00ea ya her\u00ee karesatbar bigire.<\/p>\n B\u00ea guman, du \u00fb n\u00eev sedsal in, siyaseta gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ji h\u00eala bilindb\u00fbna bilez a h\u00eaz\u00ean mezin ve hatiye r\u00eave kirin, \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean ku ew gav gengaz kirin niha di pa\u015fveki\u015fandin\u00ea de ne. Ev yek \u00eest\u00eeqrar\u00ea garant\u00ee nake, l\u00ea n\u00ee\u015fana guhertinek k\u00fbr dide: t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena nas a di navbera “netewey\u00ean zind\u00ee” \u00fb “netewey\u00ean dimirin” de winda dibe, \u00fb \u00e7\u00eerokeke n\u00fb, h\u00een j\u00ee ne diyar, dest p\u00ea dike ku derkeve hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00a0 Nirxandin: His\u00ean Cimo Yek ji n\u00fb\u00e7e \u00fb madey\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean her\u00ee z\u00eade t\u00eane xwendin taybet li Rojhilata Nav\u00een, y\u00ean ku behsa k\u00eamb\u00fbna serweriya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fketina eksen \u00fb blok\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00fb dikin, ji wan \u00e7i bi r\u00eaveberiya \u00c7\u00een\u00ea \u00fb \u00e7i j\u00ee bi r\u00eaveberiya kom\u00ean wek\u00ee BRICS \u00fb R\u00eaxistina Shanghai ya Ewlekar\u00ee […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3022,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,18],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[191],"class_list":["post-3021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manshet","category-werger"],"yoast_head":"\n