{"id":292,"date":"2022-03-25T22:23:21","date_gmt":"2022-03-25T22:23:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zindi24.com\/?p=292"},"modified":"2022-07-09T00:08:49","modified_gmt":"2022-07-09T00:08:49","slug":"arnold-toynbee-u-artesa-cotkaren-rus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/arnold-toynbee-u-artesa-cotkaren-rus\/","title":{"rendered":"Arnold Toynbee \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fa cotkar\u00ean r\u00fbs"},"content":{"rendered":"

HIS\u00caN CIMO<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u00eeroknas\u00ea br\u00eetan\u00ee Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean w\u00ee der bar\u00ea gelek h\u00eepotez\u00ean (P\u00ea\u015fb\u00eaniy\u00ean)navdar \u00ean ku d\u00eeroknas\u00ean beriya w\u00ee der bar\u00ea d\u00eeroka \u015faristaniyan de niv\u00eesandine, ne lihev in. Wek\u00ee m\u00eenak, Toynbee bi h\u00eepoteza rola vejandin\u00ea ya ku gel\u00ean barbar di \u015faristaniya rojavay\u00ee de p\u00eak an\u00eene, ne lihev e. Her wiha t\u00eageha barbar\u00ee j\u00ee gelek caran ji aliy\u00ea\u00a0 Toynbee \u00fb d\u00eeroknas\u00ean \u015faristaniyan, ji bo civak\u00ean ner\u00eaxistinkir\u00ee \u00fb y\u00ean ku r\u00eabaz\u00ean ba\u015f ji bo r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea \u00fb desthildar\u00ee neafirandine, t\u00ea bikaran\u00een. Toynbee, ten\u00ea rola gel\u00ean ko\u00e7berkir\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee qeb\u00eeley\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ean Slav\u00ee, Alman\u00ee \u00fb V\u00eek\u00eengan di tunekirina civaka Helen\u00ee de, s\u00eenordar dike. Li gor\u00ee wesfa Toynbee, ew wek\u00ee kerxur\u00ean ku li ser terman dij\u00een \u00fb serdema qehremantiya wan j\u00ee ten\u00ea dawiya d\u00eeroka Henen\u00eest\u00eek(Yewnan\u00ee-Romay\u00ee) b\u00fb, ne destp\u00eaka d\u00eeroka rojavay\u00ee b\u00fb.(Kurtel\u00eakol\u00eena d\u00eerok\u00ea-Be\u015f\u00ea Duyem\u00een-Werger F\u00fbad \u015eibil, Navenda Netewey\u00ee ya Werger\u00ea-r.25)<\/p>\n

R\u00eabaz\u00ea Toynbee di sinfandin \u00fb r\u00eazkirina \u015faristaniyan de tevlihev \u00fb di nav hev de ye. Her wiha n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean w\u00ee, ji aliy\u00ea gelek l\u00eakol\u00eeneran ve bi niyeteke xerab rast\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fdaraziyan hatin.\u00a0 L\u00ea ji ber ku ev niv\u00ees armanc j\u00ea nirxandina Toynbee ya civaka r\u00fbs\u00ee\u00a0 di d\u00eerok \u00fb \u015faristaniy\u00ea de, Toynbee civaka Ortodoks a r\u00fbs\u00ee di nava 7 civak\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee y\u00ean niha may\u00ee de, senifandin. Ji wan 6 civak di p\u00eavajoya hilwe\u015fandin\u00ea de ne, ji wan j\u00ee Ortodoksiya r\u00fbs\u00ee ye. L\u00ea ji aliyek\u00ee din ve j\u00ee, der\u00ee li p\u00ea\u015fiya bersiva li ser \u00e7aren\u00fbsa \u015faristaniya rojavay\u00ee vekir\u00ee hi\u015ft\u00ee, tev\u00ee ku gelek xal\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean lawaz rave kir \u00fb bi g\u00fbman e ku lixwe ragir be.<\/p>\n

Toynbee, di navbera \u015faristaniyan wek\u00ee blok\u00ean siyas\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee \u00fb di navbera civak\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee de, c\u00fbdah\u00ee daniye. B\u00fb nim\u00fbne; ti\u015ftek\u00ee taybet bi nav\u00ea civaka \u015faristaniya ereb\u00ee tune ye, l\u00ea mirov dikare wek\u00ee t\u00eageha \u015faristaniya ereb\u00ee ya \u00eeslam\u00ee p\u00eanase bike, l\u00ea di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya civaka p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee ya \u00eeslam\u00ee de. Ev civak j\u00ee ji du c\u00eawiy\u00ean \u015faristaniyan p\u00eak t\u00ea; ew j\u00ee civaka \u015faristaniya \u00eeran\u00ee \u00fb civaka \u015faristaniya ereb\u00ee ye. Her wiha, herdu c\u00eaw\u00ee j\u00ee vedigerin koka xwe ya civaka s\u00fbr\u00ee ku dendika resen a herdu\u00a0 \u015fax\u00ean mezin in: \u00cemparatoriya Axemen\u00ee \u00fb dewleta Ebas\u00ee. Ev teor\u00ee j\u00ee di p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirina ku \u00e7awa \u015faristaniy\u00ean n\u00fb y\u00ean li Mezopotamya \u00fb \u00ceran\u00ea \u00e7\u00eab\u00fbne, wek\u00ee zarok\u00ean bav\u00ea s\u00fbr\u00ee bi hev re gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne, seyr e \u00fb ev teor\u00ee j\u00ee z\u00eade deng neda. \u00a0L\u00ea hem\u00fb n\u00ear\u00een\u00ean w\u00ee di aliy\u00ea ku pi\u015fta xwe nade teoriya yekb\u00fbna \u015faristaniya mirovah\u00ee bi fereseta siyas\u00ee ya ku propogandeya w\u00ea t\u00eakirin, balk\u00ea\u015f e. Di heman \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, Toynbee civaka r\u00fbs\u00ee \u015firove dike \u00fb dib\u00eaje ku ew be\u015fek ji civaka xiristiyan\u00ee ya Ortodoks\u00ee ye \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee ku Ortodoksiya resen li Anadol\u00ea rast\u00ee \u00eari\u015f\u00ean barbar \u00ean islam\u00ee \u00fb fi\u015fara rojavay\u00ee hatin, ev ax altirnat\u00eefa ku n\u00fbnertiya wan dike.<\/p>\n

Toynbee, di be\u015f\u00ea heftem\u00een(Pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean j\u00eengeh\u00ea) ya pirt\u00fbka xwe ku werger\u00ee ereb\u00ee hatiye kirin de”Kurtel\u00eakol\u00eena D\u00eerok\u00ea”, behsa \u015faristaniya Ortodoks a r\u00fbs\u00ee dike. Hewz\u00ea jor\u00een \u00ea \u00e7em\u00ea Dnieper(Ev \u00e7em Ukraniya dabe\u015f\u00ee du be\u015fan dike) her\u00eama r\u00fbs\u00ee b\u00fb ku cara yekem\u00een \u015faristaniya xiristiyan\u00ee ya Ortodoks ji dervay\u00ee Anadol \u00fb B\u00eezansay\u00ea, t\u00eade bicih b\u00fb. L\u00ea di Sedsala 12`an de, ni\u015ftecih\u00ean s\u00eenor \u00ean ku s\u00eenor\u00ea xwe di w\u00ee al\u00ee de li ser hesab\u00ea Pagan\u00ean daristan\u00ean bakur rojavay\u00ee F\u00eenlandiy\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea berfireh dikirin, \u015faristan\u00ee ji wir birin hewz\u00ea jor\u00een \u00ea Volgay\u00ea. L\u00ea di demeke kurt de, navend vegeriya Dniepera j\u00ear\u00een \u00fb li wir rast\u00ee fi\u015fareke zehmet a Bedewiy\u00ean \u00e7olter a Avrasyay\u00ea hatin.<\/strong> Ev fi\u015fara ku ji ni\u015fkeve li ser r\u00fbsan hate ferizkirin, di encama hemleya domdar a tund a Bat\u00fb Xan\u00ea Mexol\u00ee 1237`an de b\u00fb. Ti\u015fta sosret ku rikberiyeke giran ta asta dersuri\u015ft\u00ee hate kirin \u00fb bersiv\u00ean pir afir\u00eener \u00fb balk\u00ea\u015f derketin hol\u00ea (Ango Koma Kafkasan a \u015ferker)<\/p>\n

Cara yekem\u00een di d\u00eerok\u00ea de, ev bersiv ne k\u00eamtir\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fxistina r\u00eabazek\u00ee n\u00fb y\u00ea jiyan\u00ea \u00fb r\u00eaxistinkirina civak\u00ee ya n\u00fb ya ji bo civakeke istiqrar b\u00fb, ne ten\u00ea parastina li hember\u00ee Bedewiy\u00ean Ewrasyay\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb ne ten\u00ea bi hemley\u00ean demk\u00ee ew dan sekinandin. L\u00ea bel\u00ea, kom\u00ean Kafkasan derfet da wan ku bi yekcar\u00ea axa dijminan dagir bikin \u00fb bi r\u00eaya veguhertina m\u00earg\u00ean sewalan bo zeviy\u00ean cotkaran, axa xwezay\u00ee ya Bedewiyan guhartin \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna kamp\u00ean xwe y\u00ean gerok gund\u00ean bi isitqrar r\u00fbni\u015ftin.<\/p>\n

Her wiha Toynbee dib\u00eaje: Kafkas\u00ean ku ev serkeftin p\u00eak an\u00een, ew ni\u015ftecih\u00ean s\u00eenor\u00ea xiristiyan\u00ean Ortodos \u00ean r\u00fbs\u00ee b\u00fbn, y\u00ean ku di du sedsalan de li ser s\u00eenor li dij\u00ee Bedewiy\u00ean Ewrasyay\u00ea hiliyan \u00fb li ser bingeh\u00ean wan ava b\u00fbb\u00fbn. Her wiha dijmin\u00ean wan j\u00ee ev nav(Kafkas ) li wan kirine ku kirin efsaneyek. Kom\u00ean Kafkas\u00ea y\u00ean ku d\u00fbr belav b\u00fbn \u00fb di dema qirkirina xwe ya di p\u00eavajoya \u015fore\u015fa 1917`an de, rasterast li seranser\u00ea Asayay\u00ea ji \u00e7em\u00ea Don heta \u00e7em\u00ea Ussuri belav b\u00fbb\u00fbn, hem\u00fb j\u00ee bi koka xwe ji Kafkas\u00ean Dnieper b\u00fbn.(Be\u015f\u00ea yekem\u00een-r.192)<\/p>\n

L\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de, bi bersiva serket\u00ee ya Kafkasan a li hember fi\u015fara Bedewiy\u00ean ji ba\u015f\u00fbr rojhilat, yek\u00ee din j\u00ee rast\u00ee fi\u015fareke sereke ya derve hat \u00fb bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee b\u00fb navenda giring \u00fb sereke ya R\u00fbsyay\u00ea. R\u00fbsya di sedsala 17`an de, cara yekem di d\u00eeroka xwe ya n\u00fbjen de, rast\u00ee fi\u015fareke mezin a c\u00eehana rojavay\u00ee\u00a0 hat, ku di encam\u00ea de Mosko ji h\u00eala art\u00ea\u015fa Polon\u00ee ve di p\u00eavajoya du salan de hate dagirkirin (1610-1612). Pi\u015ftre di demeke n\u00eaz de, Sw\u00ead bi saya ku hem\u00fb perav\u00ean v\u00ea deryaya rojhilat bidestxistib\u00fb, karib\u00fb ku R\u00fbsya ji Balt\u00eek\u00ea bi d\u00fbr bixe. Di demek\u00ea de ku Sedsala 17`an bidaw\u00ee neb\u00fbb\u00fb, Petr\u00fbs\u00ea mezin bersiva v\u00ea fi\u015fara rojavay\u00ee da \u00fb di sala 1703`an de bajar\u00ea Petersburg\u00ea li ser axa ku ji Sw\u00ead\u00ea hat\u00ee vegerandin ava kir \u00fb li ser Deryaya Balt\u00eek r\u00eabaz\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ean deryay\u00ee y\u00ean rojavay\u00ee, ala h\u00eaz\u00ean deryay\u00ee ya R\u00fbsyay\u00ea belav kir. (r.193-194)<\/p>\n

Di be\u015fa 9`an \u00ea pirt\u00fbk\u00ea de, Toynbee careke din, bi away\u00ea danberhev\u00ea behsa xwezaya \u015fer\u00ean civak\u00ee y\u00ean r\u00fbs\u00ee dike. Di v\u00ee be\u015f\u00ee de, \u00a0Toynbee “\u015faristaniy\u00ean t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fby\u00ee” p\u00eanase dike. Her wiha di senifandina xwe de, \u00a0ew destp\u00eaka s\u00ea \u015faristaniy\u00ean bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee destn\u00ee\u015fan dike: Pol\u00eenez\u00ee (ni\u015ftecih\u00ean girav\u00ean Pas\u00eef\u00eek\u00ea), Eskimos \u00fb Bedew\u00ee. Ev her s\u00ea \u015faristan\u00ee heta roja me ya \u00eero j\u00ee, weke civak\u00ean belawela hene \u00fb \u00ead\u00ee di tevgera p\u00ea\u015fketina mirovahiy\u00ea de bi tu rol\u00ea \u00a0naliyizin \u00fb di encama berisva pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean mad\u00ee, derketine hol\u00ea. Pi\u015ftre, Toynbee du \u015faristaniy\u00ean ku di encama pirsgir\u00eaka mirov\u00ee de derketine z\u00eade dike ew j\u00ee; Osman\u00ee \u00fb Spartay\u00ee ne. Tev\u00ee seyra ketina dewleta Osman\u00ee di nav dewlet\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee y\u00ean qedirbilind de, w\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean gi\u015ft\u00ee y\u00ean Osmaniyan r\u00eaz kir. Ji ber esl\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea Bedew\u00ee, afir\u00eeneriya Osmaniyan di navg\u00eeniya le\u015fker\u00ee ya s\u00ealojiya Bedewiyan a abor\u00ee \u00fb le\u015fker\u00ee de, diyar b\u00fb. Ev j\u00ee \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ea \u015fivan, keriy\u00ean pez \u00fb k\u00fb\u00e7ik\u00ea parastin\u00ea ye, ku Toynbee s\u00ealojiya Bedewiyan a sab\u00eet binav dike \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fa Ink\u00ee\u015far\u00ee rola nobedar\u00ea keriy\u00ea pez girtib\u00fb ser xwe.<\/p>\n

Toynbee di \u00e7er\u00e7oveya danberheva bi \u015f\u00eawaza Bedewiyan re, modela berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea berhevdan\u00ea t\u00eene ziman, ku \u015faristaniya civak\u00ean cotkaran e \u00fb wiha dib\u00eaje: \u201cR\u00eabaz\u00ean \u00eari\u015fkariy\u00ea di her yek ji wan de gelek ji hev cuda ne. \u00cari\u015fa Bedewaiyan wek\u00ee hemleya siwaran ji ni\u015fka ve ye. L\u00ea \u00eari\u015fa cotkaran j\u00ee, wek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fkeftina piyadeyan e ku di her gavek\u00ea de ku m\u00earxasiya xwe bi karan\u00eena ax an axurek\u00ea \u00eespat dike \u00fb \u00e7\u00fby\u00een \u00fb hatine xwe bi \u00e7\u00eakirina r\u00ea an r\u00eay\u00ean hesin\u00ee ewle dike. Dibe ku nim\u00fbneya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a \u00eari\u015fa Bedewiyan, \u00eari\u015f\u00ean tirk \u00fb mexolan ku di serdema her\u00ee daw\u00een a ziwatiy\u00ea de p\u00eak hat. Lewra, berfirehiya R\u00fbsya ber bi rojhilat ve, wek\u00ee mezintir\u00een \u00eari\u015fa li dij\u00ee cotkaran e(..) \u00fb dibe ku fi\u015fara cotkaran di demeke dir\u00eaj de ku kesek bibe qurbana w\u00ee, ji komkujiy\u00ean hovane y\u00ean Bedewiyan bi \u00ea\u015ftir e. li gor\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee ku \u00eari\u015f\u00ean Mexolan di nav du-s\u00ea nif\u015fan de bi daw\u00ee b\u00fbne. L\u00ea m\u00eatingeriya r\u00fbs\u00ee ku wek\u00ee tolhildana ji Mexolan b\u00fb, z\u00eadetir\u00ee 400 sal\u00ee dewam kir(..) Her wiha li gor\u00ee n\u00ear\u00een \u00fb d\u00eetina Bedewiyan, dewlet\u00ean cotkariy\u00ea wek\u00ee R\u00fbsya, wek\u00ee mak\u00eeney\u00ean h\u00fbrkirin\u00ea ne ku li gor\u00ee daxwazan p\u00ee\u015fesaziya pola germ p\u00eak t\u00eenin.<\/strong> \u00a0Bedew\u00ee di dest\u00ea w\u00ea de, ango ji kok werin tunekirin an j\u00ee bikevin \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyek\u00ee istiqrar.<\/p>\n

Di be\u015fa 31`an a pirt\u00fbk\u00ea de, Toynbee bi nirxandina t\u00eakiliya R\u00fbsya bi dewlet\u00ean rojavay\u00ee y\u00ean\u00a0 n\u00fbjen re, careke din behsa mijara R\u00fbsyay\u00ea di d\u00eeroka hemdem de dike:<\/p>\n

Di p\u00eavajoya sal\u00ean 80`\u00ee y\u00ean Sedsala 15`an de, dewleta c\u00eehan\u00ee ya r\u00fbs\u00ee ya Xiristiyaniya Ortodoks bi tevl\u00eakirina Komara Novgorod\u00ea di nav D\u00fbka mezin a Moskoy\u00ea de hate avakirin. Her wiha, nakok\u00ee di navbera Moskoy\u00ea \u00fb rojavay\u00ee de li ser dilsoziya ni\u015ftecih\u00ean Ukrayna \u00fb Belar\u00fbs \u00ean ku ji biray\u00ean xwe y\u00ean r\u00fbs\u00ean Ortodoks \u00ean rojhilat\u00ee veqetiyab\u00fbn, heta dawiya \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Duyem\u00een berdewam kir, dema ku bermahiy\u00ean wan \u00ean bi dar\u00ea zor\u00ea careke din vegeriya hemb\u00eaza R\u00fbsyay\u00ea. \u00a0Tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, ev axa ku ser s\u00eenor e bi koka xwe r\u00fbs\u00ee ye \u00fb heta van dem\u00ean daw\u00ee ew n\u00eev rojavay\u00ee b\u00fb, ne qada sereke b\u00fb ku hevd\u00eetina R\u00fbsya \u00fb rojavay\u00ee ya n\u00fbjen t\u00ea de bi r\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00fb. Ji ber ku rengvedana Polon\u00ee ya li ser \u00e7anda rojavay\u00ee gih\u00ee\u015ft astek nezelaliy\u00ea ku nehi\u015ft ku \u00e7anda rojavay\u00ee bi karaktera xwe ya k\u00fbr bandor li giyan\u00ean r\u00fbsan bike.<\/p>\n

Lewra, gel\u00ean deryay\u00ee y\u00ean rojavay\u00ee y\u00ean ku li perav\u00ean Atlant\u00eek\u00ea dijiyan, b\u00fbne xala sereke ya hevd\u00eetin\u00ea (di navbera R\u00fbsya \u00fb rojavay\u00ee de). Van gelan j\u00ee, ji xwe re p\u00ea\u015fengiya c\u00eehana rojavay\u00ee ji \u00eetaliyan girtib\u00fbn. Ev koma serket\u00ee, li dir\u00eajahiya perav\u00ean Balt\u00eek\u00ea, di nava xwe de c\u00eeran\u00ean her\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eek \u00ean R\u00fbsyay\u00ea hewandin. Tev\u00ee bandora ku \u00e7\u00eena Ar\u00eestokras\u00ee ya Alman \u00fb b\u00fbrj\u00fbwaziya Balt\u00eek li ser jiyana r\u00fbsan kirib\u00fbn j\u00ee, l\u00ea bandora gel\u00ean Atlant\u00eek\u00ea ku di deriy\u00ean t\u00eaketin\u00ea (nav R\u00fbsyay\u00ea) re derbas dib\u00fbn, ji ya van her du \u00e7\u00eenan pirtir b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea t\u00eakiliy\u00ea de; ev hevbandoriya di navbera enerjiya teknolojiya rojavay\u00ee \u00fb biryardariya giyan\u00ean r\u00fbs\u00ee de ji bo parastina serxweb\u00fbna xwe ya giyan\u00ee b\u00fb ku plansaziya roman\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakir. Toynbee baweriya r\u00fbs\u00ee di hizira”yekseriya \u00e7aren\u00fbsa R\u00fbsyay\u00ea” de d\u00eet \u00fb \u00eefadeya w\u00ea baweriy\u00ea b\u00fb ku m\u00eerateya ku ji Konstant\u00eenopol\u00ea hi\u015ft ew j\u00ee Roma duyem\u00een b\u00fb, ev erk av\u00eatin ser R\u00fbsyay\u00ea. Lewra, Moskoy\u00ea ji xwe re rolek yekta girt ew j\u00ee ew e ku ew ten\u00ea depoya D\u00eara Ortodoks \u00fb keleha w\u00ea ya yekta ye \u00fb bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee di sala 1589`an de avakirina Patr\u00eekxaneya Moskov\u00ea bi daw\u00ee b\u00fb. Ev yek j\u00ee p\u00eak hat, di demek\u00ea de ku serkeftin\u00ean teknolojiya n\u00fbjen \u00ean rojavay\u00ee pi\u015ft\u00ee ku di serdema nav\u00een de bi p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna rojavay\u00ee pir k\u00eam b\u00fb, gefan li her\u00eama serweriya R\u00fbsyay\u00ea dixwar.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Toynbee R\u00fbsyay\u00ea bi s\u00ea away\u00ean cih\u00eareng bersiva astengiy\u00ean rojavay\u00ee da:<\/strong><\/p>\n

A yek\u00ea: Refleksa hevbar li dij\u00ee \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ea mezheba Mundefiy\u00ean. Ev n\u00eazikat\u00ee di koma bi nav\u00ea “Bawermend\u00ean kevn ” de \u015fop\u00eener\u00ean xwe d\u00eetin \u00fb israr dikirin ku civaka wan h\u00eaviy\u00ean mirovahiy\u00ea bi xwe re radike.<\/p>\n

A duyem\u00een: Refleksa wek\u00ee Herodian\u00eezm\u00ea; Ev yek j\u00ee di pirzan\u00eena Petr\u00fbs\u00ea mezin de dihate d\u00eetin. Siyaseta Petr\u00fbs ew b\u00fb ku \u00cemparatoriya R\u00fbsyay\u00ea ji dewletek c\u00eehan\u00ee ya Xiristiyan\u00ean Ortodoks veguher\u00eene dewletek netewe ya her\u00eam\u00ee ya ku gir\u00eaday\u00ee c\u00eehana rojavay\u00ee ya n\u00fbjen be. R\u00fbsan j\u00ee pejirandina pol\u00eet\u00eekaya Petr\u00fbs wek\u00ee pejirandina ku ew bi rast\u00ee m\u00eena gel\u00ean din in binav dikirin. Ev yek j\u00ee t\u00ea watey\u00ea ku Mosko d\u00ea ji \u00eediaya xwe b\u00ea d\u00fbrxistin ku qeder\u00ea ew ten\u00ea kiriye keleha Ortodoksiy\u00ea, an ku ew bi ten\u00ea – wek\u00ee bawermend\u00ean kevnar digotin – civaka ku h\u00eaviy\u00ean mirovan di zik\u00ea xwe de hildigire.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea tev\u00ee lihevhatina zelal a ku siyaseta Petr\u00fbs di p\u00eavajoya 200 sal z\u00eadetir derbas kirib\u00fb, ew tu car\u00ee negih\u00ee\u015ft pi\u015ftgiriya dilsoz a gel\u00ea R\u00fbsyay\u00ea. L\u00ea dema ku di \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem\u00een de karesata le\u015fker\u00ee ya mezin hat ser\u00ea R\u00fbsyay\u00ea, isbatek hate p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin ku pi\u015ft\u00ee z\u00eadetir\u00ee 200 salan ji gotin\u00ean rojavay\u00ee, ev siyaset ne ten\u00ea li dij\u00ee ruh\u00ea r\u00fbs\u00ee b\u00fb, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ea ya rizgarkirina “mirov\u00ean ba\u015f” \u00eespat kir.<\/p>\n

A s\u00eayem\u00een: refleksa ku di bin \u015fert\u00fbmerc\u00ean navbor\u00ee de derket hol\u00ea \u00fb vegerandina meyla ji bo veqetandina rolek yekta ji R\u00fbsyay\u00ea re n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Ew j\u00ee meyla ku demeke dir\u00eaj ji aliy\u00ea zordariy\u00ea ve hatib\u00fb ve\u015fartin, bi \u015fore\u015fa komun\u00eest careke din xwe bisep\u00eene. \u015eore\u015fa komun\u00eest, w\u00ea dem\u00ea li gor\u00ee Toynbee,\u00a0 hewildanek e ku v\u00ea t\u00eagih\u00ee\u015ftina serdest a \u00e7aren\u00fbsa r\u00fbs\u00ee bi p\u00eadiviya domdar a r\u00eagirtina bi serweriya teknolojiya rojavay\u00ee re li hev b\u00eene. Pejirandina v\u00ea \u00eedeolojiya rojavay\u00ee (komun\u00eest) ya n\u00fbjen, ji aliy\u00ea R\u00fbsan ve r\u00eayek paradoks\u00ee ye ku R\u00fbsya \u00eediaya xwe ji n\u00fb ve pi\u015ftrast bike ku ew ten\u00ea m\u00eerasgir\u00ea m\u00eerasek yekta ye.<\/p>\n

Eger bersiva R\u00fbsyay\u00ea ya li dij rojavay\u00ee bi ser bikeve, ne\u00e7ar e ku R\u00fbsya wek\u00ee par\u00eazvan\u00ea baweriyeke ku dikare bi c\u00eehana azad re li ser lingan wekhev bim\u00eene derkeve hol\u00ea. Eger R\u00fbsya bi v\u00ea baweriy\u00ea bi xwe \u00e7ek bike, div\u00ea bi rojavay\u00ee re bikeve nava p\u00ea\u015fbaziy\u00ea da ku dilsoziya giyan\u00ee ya hem\u00fb civak\u00ean hey\u00ee y\u00ean ku ne ji m\u00eerata w\u00ea ya \u00e7and\u00ee ya rojavay\u00ee ne, ne ji rojava \u00fb ne j\u00ee ji R\u00fbsyay\u00ea re, bi dest bixe. L\u00ea eger R\u00fbsya bi v\u00ea bawer nabe, w\u00ea dem\u00ea ne\u00e7ar e ku \u015fer bi mizg\u00eeniya \u00eedeolojiya R\u00fbsyay\u00ea ya di dil\u00ea rojavay\u00ee de, bigih\u00eene war\u00ea dijmin.<\/p>\n

Di hevr\u00fbkirina kurt a taybetiy\u00ean siyas\u00ee \u00fb der\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ean R\u00fbs \u00fb amer\u00eekiyan de di serdema “\u015eer\u00ea Sar” de, Toynbee bal\u00ea ki\u015fand ser mijara asta R\u00fbsya ya berxwedan\u00ea. T\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna Qeyseriya R\u00fbs\u00ee li p\u00ea\u015fber\u00ee Japonyay\u00ea di \u015fer\u00ea 1904-1905\u2019an de, h\u00ee\u015ft ku \u015eore\u015fa R\u00fbsyay\u00ea di sala 1905\u2019an de, \u00e7\u00eabibe. Her wiha t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna R\u00fbsya di \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem\u00een de, h\u00ee\u015ft ku \u015eore\u015fa 1917`an lidar bikeve. Toynbee v\u00ea mijar\u00ea wiha dinirx\u00eene: “S\u00eenor hene ku moral\u00ea R\u00fbsyay\u00ea an j\u00ee welat\u00ean din \u00ea \u00e7andiniy\u00ea t\u00eak bi\u00e7in. L\u00ea diyar e ku hik\u00fbmeta Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea terc\u00eeh dike ku r\u00fbbir\u00fbb\u00fbna tirsa \u015ferek bi Amer\u00eekay\u00ea bibe, li \u015f\u00fbna ku j\u00ea re taw\u00eez\u00ean siyas\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee bike ku d\u00ea radestkirina R\u00fbsan ji serweriya Amer\u00eek\u00ee re b\u00eene”.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Werger ji ereb\u00ee: Kendal C\u00fbd\u00ee<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Toynbee, di navbera \u015faristaniyan wek\u00ee blok\u00ean siyas\u00ee \u00fb abor\u00ee \u00fb di navbera civak\u00ean \u015faristan\u00ee de, c\u00fbdah\u00ee daniye.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":295,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[191],"class_list":["post-292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lekolin"],"yoast_head":"\nArnold Toynbee \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fa cotkar\u00ean r\u00fbs - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/arnold-toynbee-u-artesa-cotkaren-rus\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Arnold Toynbee \u00fb art\u00ea\u015fa cotkar\u00ean r\u00fbs - 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