{"id":14532,"date":"2026-06-08T10:21:42","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T10:21:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/?p=14532"},"modified":"2026-06-08T10:21:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T10:21:42","slug":"1-226","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-226\/","title":{"rendered":"Rol \u00fb bandora faktor\u00ean derve di d\u00eeroka S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de 1945\u20131963"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mihemed Sey\u00eed Risas<\/strong><\/p>\n

Made bi ereb\u00ee j\u00ee heye \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n

Di 1\u00ea sibata 2008an de, rojnameya “Haaretz”\u00ea l\u00eakol\u00eenek fireh a niv\u00eeskar Meir Zamir, profesor\u00ea Be\u015fa L\u00eakol\u00een\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een li Zan\u00eengeha Ben-Gurion a Negev\u00ea, we\u015fand. L\u00eakol\u00een bi sernav\u00ea “Xiyaneta Br\u00eetan\u00ee \u00fb Tolhildana Frans\u00ee” (1) b\u00fb \u00fb bal\u00ea diki\u015fand ser b\u00fbyer\u00ean 29 \u00fb 30\u00ea gulana 1945an li \u015eam\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de, h\u00eaz\u00ean frans\u00ee bi karan\u00eena top \u00fb balafiran, \u015eam bombebaran kirin \u00fb hin avahiy\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00ean dewlet\u00ea, di nav wan de parlamento j\u00ee, dagir kirin. Ev b\u00fbyer b\u00fb sedema derketina nakokiyeke tund di navbera Serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea Winston Churchill \u00fb Serok\u00ea Hik\u00fbmeta Fransay\u00ea General Charles de Gaulle, de.<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee nameyek\u00ea ku Churchill di 31\u00ea gulan\u00ea de ji de Gaulle re \u015fand \u00fb t\u00ea de gefa destwerdana le\u015fker\u00ee ya br\u00eetan\u00ee bi b\u00eer xist, General Bernard Paget j\u00ee roja pi\u015ft re ferman da ku h\u00eaz\u00ean frans\u00ee ji cih\u00ean xwe veki\u015fin \u00fb li baregeh\u00ean xwe kom bibin. Ev biryar di 2 \u00fb 3\u00ea hez\u00eeran\u00ea de hate bicihan\u00een \u00fb b\u00fb gav\u00ea destp\u00eak\u00ea ji bo derketina h\u00eaz\u00ean frans\u00ee ji S\u00fbriyey\u00ea. Ev p\u00eavajo di 17\u00ea n\u00eesana 1946an de, bidaw\u00ee b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Ev hem\u00fb ji aliy\u00ea gel\u00ea S\u00fbr\u00eeyay\u00ea ve bi gi\u015ft\u00ee di pirt\u00fbk\u00ean dibistan\u00ea de t\u00ea zan\u00een, l\u00ea aliy\u00ea ku h\u00een nehat\u00ee e\u015fkerekirin ew e ku Profesor Meir Zamir li ser esas\u00ea ar\u015f\u00eev\u00ean ve\u015fart\u00ee y\u00ean frans\u00ee, hin agahiy\u00ean n\u00fb derdixe hol\u00ea. Li gor\u00ee w\u00ee, hin rapor\u00ean nepen\u00ee y\u00ean ji aliy\u00ea rayedarek\u00ee bilind \u00ea r\u00eaveberiya S\u00fbriy\u00ea di serdema Serok \u015eukr\u00ee El-Quwatl\u00ee de ji fransiyan re hatine \u015fandin hene, tev\u00ee ku nav\u00ea w\u00ee di belgeyan de nay\u00ea d\u00eetin. Ev belge n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku destwerdana London\u00ea li \u015eam\u00ea ne ten\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fbirina siyas\u00ee li hember Fransay\u00ea b\u00fb, l\u00ea li ser bingeha projeyek br\u00eetan\u00ee ya berfireh a navdar b\u00fb ku bi nav\u00ea “Kevana Bereket”t\u00ea zan\u00een.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea plan\u00ea de, bernameya avakirina “S\u00fbriyeya Mezin” di nav xwe de S\u00fbriya, Lubnan, Urdun\u00ea rojhilat \u00fb Filist\u00een digirt \u00fb pa\u015f\u00ea j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fb\u00een\u00ee dikir ku ev her\u00eam bi Iraq\u00ea re were gir\u00eadan. Herwiha, planek ji bo r\u00eaveberiya xweser ji bo cih\u00fby\u00ean li dever\u00ean ku piran\u00ee li Filist\u00een\u00ea cih\u00fb t\u00eade bicih dibin heb\u00fb. Di heman dem\u00ea de, li gor\u00ee w\u00ea plan\u00ea, ji bo Maron\u00eey\u00ean \u00c7iyay\u00ea Lubnan\u00ea wek\u00ee model\u00ea n\u00eaz\u00eek bi r\u00eabaza dem\u00ean Osman\u00ee, r\u00eaveberiyeke xweser hebe.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, Serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Lubnan\u00ea Riyad El-Sulh,\u00a0 di serdana xwe ya ve\u015fart\u00ee ya 5\u00ea tebaxa 1944an de li \u015eam\u00ea, ev p\u00ea\u015fniyar bi fermana wez\u00eer\u00ea bir\u00eetan\u00ee y\u00ea li S\u00fbriya \u00fb Lubnan\u00ea erkdarkir\u00ee \u00fb li Beyr\u00fbt\u00ea dima General Edward Spears, p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee Serok El-Quwatl\u00ee kir. Spears j\u00ee ferman\u00ean xwe ji Lord Moyne digirt ku li Qah\u00eerey\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb ew wez\u00eer\u00ea br\u00eetan\u00ee ya li Rojhilata Rojhilata Nav\u00een dima \u00fb erk\u00ean w\u00ee ji \u00ceran\u00ea heta bakur\u00ea Afr\u00eeqay\u00ea, b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

El-Quwatl\u00ee di destp\u00eak\u00ea de dudil\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00ee projey\u00ea b\u00fb, bi taybet\u00ee ji ber t\u00eakiliy\u00ean w\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00eaz\u00eek bi Qral Ebdulez\u00eez \u00a0Al Si\u00fbd re, di demek\u00ea de Al Si\u00fbd \u00fb Qiral Far\u00fbq \u00ea li Misir\u00ea, dijminat\u00eeya ha\u015fimiyan li Iraq \u00fb Urdun\u00ea dikir.<\/p>\n

Di heman dem\u00ea de, hin kesayet\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean S\u00fbriy\u00ea wek Sedallah El-Jabir\u00ee (ku pi\u015ftre di cotmeha 1944sn de b\u00fb serok\u00ea parlamentoy\u00ea \u00fb li cih\u00ea w\u00ee Faris El-Xur\u00ee b\u00fb serokwez\u00eer) \u00fb wez\u00eer\u00ea derve Cem\u00eel Merdem Beg j\u00ee pi\u015ftgir\u00ee ji v\u00ea projey\u00ea re n\u00ee\u015fan dan. L\u00ea bel\u00ea, di \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean bombebarana \u015eam\u00ea ya Fransiyan de, br\u00eetan\u00ee kar\u00eeb\u00fbn El-Quwatl\u00ee raz\u00ee bikin ku peymanek nepen\u00ee ya s\u00fbr\u00ee\u2013br\u00eetan\u00ee \u00eemze bike, ku naveroka w\u00ea plane er\u00eakirina projeya ku ji al\u00eey\u00ea London\u00ea ve hatib\u00fb p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin.<\/p>\n

Ev peyman nehat e\u015fkere kirin, l\u00ea li gor\u00ee Zamir, ev yek sedema ku Churchill \u00fb paget li dij Fransiyan derketin \u015f\u00eerove dike, ji ber ku derxistina wan ji S\u00fbriye \u00fb Lubnan\u00ea wek \u015fert\u00ea sereke ji bo p\u00eakan\u00eena v\u00ea projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee hate d\u00eetin.<\/p>\n

Di 4\u00ea hez\u00eeran\u00ea de, balyoz\u00ea br\u00eetan\u00ee li Par\u00ees\u00ea, Dave Cooper, gotin\u00ean ku de Gaulle bi xwe derbar\u00ea b\u00fbyer\u00ean S\u00fbriyey\u00ea de gotib\u00fbn, vegot. Li gor\u00ee w\u00ee, de Gaulle bi h\u00ears gotib\u00fb: “We zirar da Fransay\u00ea \u00fb xiyanet li rojava kir. Ev ti\u015ft nay\u00ea jib\u00eerkirin”.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Zamir, baweriya de Gaulle ew b\u00fb ku b\u00fbyer\u00ean ku di navbera 29\u00ea gulan\u00ea \u00fb 3\u00ea hez\u00eerana 1945an de li S\u00fbriyay\u00ea qewim\u00een, bi tevah\u00ee be\u015fek ji planeke br\u00eetan\u00ee b\u00fbn \u00fb bawer dikir ku br\u00eetan\u00ee hewl didan plana xwe ya kevn a derxistina Fransay\u00ea ji Rojhilat\u00ea bi cih b\u00eenin \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea xwe bikin h\u00eaza sereke ya her\u00eam\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ev bawer\u00ee ne ten\u00ea li ser texm\u00een\u00ea b\u00fb. Li gor\u00ee Zamir, de Gaulle ji agahiy\u00ean ku ber\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea kesek\u00ee payebilind di r\u00eaveberiya \u015eukr\u00ee El-Quwatl\u00ee de ji Fransiyan re hatib\u00fbn gihandin agahdar b\u00fb. Ev agah\u00ee ji dema serdana ve\u015fart\u00ee ya Riyad El-Sulh bo \u015eam\u00ea di tebaxa sala ber\u00ea de hate belavkirin, dema ku w\u00ee plana Br\u00eetan\u00ee ya taybet bi xwe re an\u00eeb\u00fb \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f\u00ee serokatiya S\u00fbriyey\u00ea kirib\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Zamir, tevgera dijber a ku armanca w\u00ea t\u00eakbirina plana br\u00eetan\u00ee b\u00fb, bi r\u00eaya De Gaulle p\u00eak hat, ku plana br\u00eetan\u00ee ji tevgera Sih\u00fbn\u00ee ya li Filist\u00een\u00ea re e\u015fkere kir. Pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea, di 6\u00ea mijdara 1944an de, Lord Moyne li Qah\u00eerey\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea r\u00eaxistina Lehi (\u00c7eteya Stern) ve hate ku\u015ftin.<\/p>\n

Serok\u00ea Kom\u00eeteya R\u00eaveber a Ajansa Cih\u00fbyan li Filist\u00een\u00ea David Ben-Gurion, ku r\u00eaxistina le\u015fker\u00ee ya Haganah j\u00ee di bin r\u00eaveberiya w\u00ee de b\u00fb, pi\u015ft\u00ee van p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnan r\u00eaya hevkariya dir\u00eaj a tevgera Sih\u00fbn\u00ee ya bi Br\u00eetan\u00eeyan re guhert. Di 1\u00ea cotmeha 1945an de, ew raz\u00ee b\u00fb ku bi r\u00eaxistina Lehi (Yitzhak Shamir) \u00fb r\u00eaxistina Irgun (Menachem Begin) re “Tevgera Berxwedana Yekb\u00fby\u00ee” ava bike, da ku berxwedaneke \u00e7ekdar\u00ee ya hevbe\u015f li dij\u00ee br\u00eetan\u00eeyan dest p\u00ea bike.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Zamir, ev biryar bi awayek\u00ee rasterast bi agahiy\u00ean ku De Gaulle ji Ben-Gurion re e\u015fkere kirib\u00fbn ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee b\u00fb. De Gaulle bawer dikir ku projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee d\u00ea her\u00ee z\u00fb bi dest\u00ea Cih\u00fby\u00ean Filist\u00een\u00ea t\u00eak bi\u00e7e \u00fb ew dikarin Br\u00eetan\u00eeyan ji her\u00eam\u00ea derx\u00eenin. Di heman dem\u00ea de, Ben-Gurion j\u00ee bawer b\u00fb ku p\u00eakan\u00eena projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee d\u00ea bibe sedema t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna projeya avakirina dewleta cih\u00fbyan.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Zamir, Serok\u00ea Amer\u00eekay\u00ea Harry Truman j\u00ee li dij projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee b\u00fb, de Gaulle di hav\u00eena sala 1945an de, dema serdana xwe ya Washington\u00ea de, j\u00ea re e\u015fkere kirib\u00fb. Ev yek b\u00fb sedema ku Wezareta Derve ya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea di 24\u00ea tebaxa 1945an de hi\u015fyar\u00ee bide balyoz\u00ea S\u00fbriyey\u00ea\u00a0 Nazim El-Quds\u00ee \u00fb li pey\u00ee projeya br\u00eatan\u00ee ya yek\u00eet\u00eeya bi Iraq\u00ea re ne\u00e7e(Li gor\u00ee Zamir, balyoz bi h\u00fbrgiliy\u00ean v\u00ea projey\u00ea ne agahdar b\u00fb). Ev b\u00fbyer ten\u00ea du roj pi\u015ft\u00ee civ\u00eena de Gaulle \u00fb Truman p\u00eak hat.<\/p>\n

Zamir dib\u00eaje, astengiy\u00ean ku hik\u00fbmet \u00fb parlamentoya \u015eam\u00ea li hember projeya xeta boriy\u00ean Tapline ya gir\u00eaday\u00ee \u015fer\u00eeketa Aramco ya amer\u00eekay\u00ee li Erebistana Si\u00fbd\u00ee derxistin, ku bi ptrola si\u00fbd\u00ee bi r\u00eaya Urdun \u00fb S\u00fbriyay\u00ea digihand perav\u00ean Lubnan\u00ea di sal\u00ean 1947, 1948 \u00fb 1949an de, bi te\u015fw\u00eeq \u00fb pi\u015ftgiriya London\u00ea b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

Herwiha, Zamir amaje dike ku guhertina helwesta Stalin li hember pirsgir\u00eaka Filist\u00een\u00ea \u00fb pejirandina plana par\u00e7ekirina Filist\u00een\u00ea di sala 1947an de, vedigere zan\u00eena w\u00ee ya projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee ya serwer\u00eeya li Rojhilata Nav\u00een b\u00fb, bi r\u00eaya plana “KevanaBereket” b\u00fb. Li gor\u00ee w\u00ee, serok\u00ea Kremlin\u00ea nirxandib\u00fb ku pi\u015ftgiriya tevgera Sih\u00fbn\u00ee, ku di li dij Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea b\u00fb, dikare deriyek ji bo ketina Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea ya nav Rojhilata Nav\u00een veke. Di heman dem\u00ea de, w\u00ee bawer dikir ku r\u00fbbir\u00fbne di navbera tevgera Sih\u00fbn\u00ee \u00fb Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea de d\u00ea plan\u00ean London\u00ea y\u00ean serdestb\u00fbn \u00fb kontrolkirina her\u00eam\u00ea t\u00eak bibe.<\/p>\n

Ger em vegerin pa\u015f \u00fb li van b\u00fbyeran ji n\u00eaz ve bin\u00earin, em dikarin li vir hevsengiyek di navbera \u015f\u00eeroveya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya kevne\u015fop\u00ee ya s\u00fbr\u00ee \u00fb n\u00ear\u00eenek din de \u00e7\u00eabikin. \u015e\u00eeroveya yekem, ku heta niha piraniya s\u00fbr\u00eeyan qeb\u00fbl kiriye, dib\u00eaje ku b\u00fbyer\u00ean 29 \u00fb 30\u00ea gulana 1945an \u00fb bombebarana \u015eam\u00ea \u00fb bajar\u00ean din, di nav wan de Hema j\u00ee, bersiveke tund a frans\u00ee b\u00fb ku nikar\u00eeb\u00fb armanc\u00ean xwe p\u00eak b\u00eene. Ten\u00ea li Hema 80 kes hatin ku\u015ftin, ji nav n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee 400 qurbaniy\u00ean s\u00fbr\u00ee ku li \u015eam, Hums, Hema \u00fb Heleb\u00ea hatib\u00fbn ku\u015ftin.<\/p>\n

Ev \u00ear\u00ee\u015f pi\u015ft\u00ee \u00e7end rojan xwep\u00ea\u015fandan \u00fb grev\u00ean ku ji aliy\u00ea s\u00fbr\u00eeyan ve hatib\u00fbn lidarxistin p\u00eak hat. Armanca wan ew b\u00fb ku desthilatdariya h\u00eaz\u00ean taybet, cendirme \u00fb gumrikan ji Frans\u00eeyan bo hik\u00fbmeta S\u00fbr\u00ee were veguhstin. Frans\u00eeyan ev daxwaz red kirin \u00fb li \u015f\u00fbna w\u00ea daxwaza peymaneke taybet kirin ku ber\u00ee derketina wan ji wel\u00eat b\u00ea \u00eemzekirin. Her wiha, wan dixwest maf\u00ea bikaran\u00eena hin baregeh\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee \u00fb deryay\u00ee bipar\u00eazin.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovey\u00ea, t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna Par\u00ees\u00ea di gih\u00ee\u015ftina van armancan de, tev\u00ee bikaran\u00eena h\u00eaza \u00e7ekdar\u00ee, b\u00fb yek ji sedem\u00ean ku r\u00ea li ber bidestxistina serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea vekir. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, derketina Frans\u00eeyan di bingeh de encama hewldan \u00fb teko\u015f\u00eena s\u00fbr\u00eeyan b\u00fb, her\u00e7end\u00ee di qonaxa daw\u00ee de pi\u015ftgiriyek ji London\u00ea j\u00ee \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Ji al\u00eeyek\u00ee din ve j\u00ee, belgey\u00ean frans\u00ee \u00fb gotin\u00ean de Gaulle ji balyoz\u00ea Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea re n\u00ear\u00eeneke c\u00fbda p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dikin. Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea n\u00ear\u00een\u00ea, Winston Churchill faktora her\u00ee gir\u00eeng b\u00fb ku b\u00fb sedema derketina Frans\u00eeyan ji S\u00fbriyey\u00ea, ne \u00e7alakiya navxwey\u00ee ya S\u00fbr\u00eeyan.<\/p>\n

Li vir mirov dikare hevr\u00fbkirin\u00ea j\u00ee bi b\u00fbyer\u00ean 8\u00ea gulana 1945an li bajar\u00ea Set\u00eef\u00ea y\u00ea Cezay\u00eer\u00ea \u00e7\u00eabike. Di w\u00ea roj\u00ea de, ku bi roja radestb\u00fbna Almanyaya Hitler\u00ee di \u015fer de re hevdem b\u00fb, bi sed hezaran Cezay\u00eer\u00ee bo daxwaza serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea daketin kolanan. Hik\u00fbmeta de Gaulle bi hezaran ji wan ku\u015ft. Pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea komkujiy\u00ea, Cezay\u00eer di 9 sal \u00fb n\u00eev di rew\u015feke b\u00eadengiy\u00ea de ma ku hema hema bi b\u00eadengiya goristanan dihat berhevkirin, heta ku di 1\u00ea mijdara 1954an de \u015fore\u015fa \u00e7ekdar\u00ee dest p\u00ea kir. Di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de cezay\u00eer\u00eeyan tu faktoreke derve tuneb\u00fb ku al\u00eekariya wan bike an j\u00ee li dij\u00ee Frans\u00eeyan rew\u015f\u00ea di berjewendiya wan de biguher\u00eene. Ev yek ji ya ku s\u00ea hefte \u015f\u00fbnda li S\u00fbriyey\u00ea qewim\u00ee cuda b\u00fb, ji berk u li wir faktora derve roleke berbi\u00e7av l\u00eest, tev\u00ee ku faktora navxwey\u00ee ya s\u00fbr\u00ee li gor\u00ee ya cezay\u00eer\u00eeyan di Gulana 1945an de lawaztir b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea bel\u00ea, ji bo ku ev mijar bi awayek\u00ee rast were f\u00eamkirin, div\u00ea projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee ji \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya S\u00fbriyey\u00ea derbas bibe \u00fb ten\u00ea bi t\u00eakiliy\u00ean London \u00fb Par\u00ees\u00ea re ney\u00ea gir\u00eadan. P\u00eaw\u00eest e ku ev proje di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveyeke firehtir de were nirxandin, ku t\u00ea de n\u00ear\u00eena Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea ya li ser cih \u00fb stat\u00fbya xwe wek\u00ee \u00eemparatoriyek di dema \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Duyem\u00een \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea de were zelalkirin. Ev yek ji bo gih\u00ee\u015ftina encameke berfireh \u00fb tam li ser mijar\u00ea gir\u00eeng e.<\/p>\n

London, ku di bingeh de avakar\u00ea Peymana Sykes-Picot a sala 1916an b\u00fb \u00fb sala 1917an j\u00ee Weid Bilfor p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir, di heman dem\u00ea de ji soz\u00ean ku ber\u00ea ji \u015eer\u00eef His\u00ean Bin El\u00ee re dab\u00fbn pa\u015fve ki\u015fiya. Ew soz ji bo ku ereb li dij\u00ee Osmaniyan tevl\u00ee \u015fer bibin hatib\u00fbn day\u00een. L\u00ea di navbera hav\u00een\u00ean 1940 \u00fb 1941an de, pi\u015ft\u00ee dagirkirina Fransay\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea Almanyay\u00ea ve, pi\u015ft\u00ee peymana Hitler-Stal\u00een a sala 1939an \u00fb ji ber b\u00eadiliya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ji bo tevl\u00eab\u00fbna \u015fe\u00ea, Br\u00eetanya xwe di rew\u015feke lawaz de d\u00eet, berovaj\u00ee rew\u015fa w\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Yekem.<\/p>\n

Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, daxuyaniya Wez\u00eer\u00ea Derve y\u00ea Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea Anthony Eden, ku di 29\u00ea gulana 1941an de pi\u015ftgiriya London\u00ea ji bo yek\u00eetiya Ereban ragihand, b\u00eay\u00ee t\u00eagihi\u015ftina w\u00ea rew\u015fa lawaz a Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea nay\u00ea \u015f\u00eerovekirin. Ev daxuyan\u00ee di heman heftey\u00ea de hat ku destwerdana le\u015fker\u00ee ya br\u00eetan\u00ee li Iraq\u00ea serkeftina xwe bi dest xist \u00fb hik\u00fbmeta Re\u015f\u00eed El\u00ee El-K\u00eelan\u00ee, ku al\u00eegir\u00ea almanan b\u00fb, ji desthilat\u00ea d\u00fbr xist. Herwiha, ten\u00ea deh roj pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea, h\u00eaz\u00ean br\u00eetan\u00ee ji Filist\u00een \u00fb Urdun\u00ea ber bi S\u00fbriye \u00fb Lubnan\u00ea ve ketin operasyoneke le\u015fker\u00ee. Di v\u00ea operasyona de, h\u00eaz\u00ean Fransaya Azad a li London\u00ea bi serokatiya General de Gaulle ten\u00ea roleke sembol\u00eek l\u00eestin.<\/p>\n

Di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de S\u00fbriya \u00fb Lubnan di bin kontrola hik\u00fbmeta Vichy ya frans\u00ee de b\u00fbn, ku bi Almanyay\u00ea re hevkar\u00ee dikir. Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, London bi navbeynkariya General Catroux \u00fb bi raz\u00eeb\u00fbna de Gaulle, Gaull\u00eestan ne\u00e7ar kir ku ji bo her du welatan soza serxweb\u00fbn\u00ea bidin. Li hember v\u00ea soz\u00ea, h\u00eaz\u00ean wan dest\u00fbr wergirtin ku t\u00eakevin S\u00fbriya \u00fb Lubnan\u00ea \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna h\u00eaz\u00ean Vichy, bi awayek\u00ee demk\u00ee li wir desthilat\u00ea bi dest bixin, di bin \u00e7avd\u00eariya h\u00eaz\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee y\u00ean br\u00eetan\u00ee de.<\/p>\n

Ji van hem\u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbnan xuya dike ku London\u00ea di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de bawer dikir ku hewldana \u015fer ya Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea, ku ji Iraq\u00ea heta \u00e7ola rojava ya Misr\u00ea \u00fb L\u00eebyay\u00ea li dij Alman \u00fb \u00cetal\u00eeyan dir\u00eaj b\u00fb, b\u00eay\u00ee bidestxistina pi\u015ftgiriya Ereban nikare serkeftin\u00ean xwe y\u00ean stratej\u00eek p\u00eak b\u00eene. Bi \u00eehtimaleke mezin, siyasetmedar\u00ean br\u00eetan\u00ee hesab dikirin ku serkeftin\u00ean le\u015fker\u00ee y\u00ean wan dikarin her\u00eameke gelek fireh, ku ji Iraq\u00ea heta L\u00eebyay\u00ea dir\u00eaj dibe \u00fb gir\u00eengiyeke taybet li ser nex\u015feya c\u00eehan\u00ea heye, di bin bandora wan de bih\u00ealin. L\u00ea temen\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea ew b\u00fb ku raz\u00eeb\u00fbna ereban bidest bixin.<\/p>\n

Di heman dem\u00ea de, London heb\u00fbna Frans\u00eeyan li S\u00fbriya \u00fb Lubnan\u00ea wek\u00ee yek ji gir\u00eengtir\u00een asteng\u00ean li p\u00ea\u015fiya v\u00ea projey\u00ea d\u00eet. Herwiha, neb\u00fbna \u00e7areseriyeke ji bo doza cih\u00fbyan li Filist\u00een\u00ea j\u00ee di n\u00ear\u00eena br\u00eetan\u00ee de astengeke din a sereke b\u00fb ku p\u00eadiv\u00ee bi \u00e7areserkirin\u00ea heb\u00fb.<\/p>\n

B\u00ea v\u00ea yek\u00ea, ravekirina “Pirt\u00fbka \u015e\u00een” ya ku Serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Iraq\u00ea N\u00fbr\u00ee El-Se\u00eed ku kes\u00ea her\u00ee n\u00eaz\u00eek bi London\u00ea re li her\u00eam\u00ea, di 14\u00ea \u00e7ileya 1943an de p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir, ne h\u00easan e. Ev belge ten\u00ea du meh pi\u015ft\u00ee serkeftina h\u00eaz\u00ean br\u00eetan\u00ee li dij General Rommel di \u015eer\u00ea El-Elmein de hatib\u00fb derxistin \u00fb projeya “Kevana Bereket” di nav xwe de digirt.<\/p>\n

Di gava yekem de, ev proje banga avakirina yek\u00eetiyek\u00ea di navbera Iraq \u00fb Urdun\u00ea de dikir. Di gava duyem\u00een de j\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fniyar dikir ku ev her du welat bi S\u00fbriye, Lubnan \u00fb Filist\u00een\u00ea re di yek\u00eetiyek\u00ea de werin cem hev. Di heman projey\u00ea de ji bo Maroniy\u00ean Lubnan\u00ea statuyeke ku n\u00eaz\u00ee n\u00earew\u015fa wan di serdema Osmaniyan de b\u00fb, di dema Mutesarrifiy\u00ea de, hate p\u00ea\u015fniyarkirin. Herwiha, ji bo cih\u00fby\u00ean li Filist\u00een\u00ea j\u00ee formek xwer\u00eavebirin\u00ea an r\u00eaveberiya xweser hate p\u00ea\u015fniyarkirin, bi taybet\u00ee li wan deveran ku piraniya ni\u015ftecih\u00ean cih\u00fb bin.<\/p>\n

Yek ji xal\u00ean balk\u00ea\u015f \u00ean “Pirt\u00fbka \u015e\u00een” ew e ku ew di forma nameyek\u00ea de hate amadekirin \u00fb ji aliy\u00ea N\u00fbr\u00ee El-Se\u00eed ve ji Richard Casey re hate \u015fandin, y\u00ea ku di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de wez\u00eer\u00ea ni\u015ftecih \u00ea Br\u00eetan\u00ee li Rojhilata Nav\u00een b\u00fb. Lord Moyne di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de c\u00eegir\u00ea Casey b\u00fb, ber\u00ee ku di meha yekem a sala 1944an de cih\u00ea w\u00ee bigire.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee Profesor Yehoshua Porath ku mamostey\u00ea D\u00eeroka Civak\u00ean Misilman li Zan\u00eengeha \u00cebran\u00ee ya Qudis\u00ea b\u00fb, di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya ku di sala 1986an de bi nav\u00ea “L\u00eager\u00eena Yek\u00eetiya Ereb\u00ee 1930-1945” hate we\u015fandin de (2), Lord Moyne pi\u015ftgir\u00ea projeya N\u00fbr\u00ee El-Se\u00eed b\u00fb, ya ku di meha yekem a sala 1943an de hatib\u00fb p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin (r\u00fbpel 275 \u00fb 315).<\/p>\n

Her wiha, rojhilatnas Hamilton Gibb, ku di w\u00ea dem\u00ea de di nav dezgeha hik\u00fbmet\u00ea ya London\u00ea de kar dikir, di meha daw\u00ee ya sala 1942an de projeyek ji hik\u00fbmeta br\u00eetan\u00ee re p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kirib\u00fb. Di v\u00ea projey\u00ea de p\u00ea\u015fniyar dikir ku federasyoneke “Kevana Bereket” di nav dewlet an saziy\u00ean hey\u00ee de were avakirin \u00fb ev federasyon li ser 12 kanton an her\u00eam\u00ean (provinces) were dabe\u015fkirin (r\u00fbpel 264).<\/p>\n

Washington, Moskow, Par\u00ees, Riyad, Qah\u00eere \u00fb Cih\u00fby\u00ean Filist\u00een\u00ea hem\u00fb li dij projeya br\u00eetan\u00ee derketin. Ev helwest b\u00fb sedema ku \u015eukr\u00ee El-Quwetl\u00ee ji pi\u015ftgiriya xwe ya projey\u00ea pa\u015fve biki\u015f\u00eene, an j\u00ee ji w\u00ea raz\u00eeb\u00fbna ku bi zor\u00ea l\u00ea hatib\u00fb ferzkirin xwe d\u00fbr bixe.<\/p>\n

Di heman dem\u00ea de, M\u00eer Ebdullah Bin His\u00ean li Urdun\u00ea, ku di 25\u00ea gulana 1946an de bi ragihandina serxweb\u00fbna Urdun\u00ea b\u00fb pad\u00ee\u015fah \u00fb ev yek bi heman dem\u00ea re bi daw\u00eehatina projey\u00ea re hevdem b\u00fb, projeya “S\u00fbriya Mezin” li ser projeya “Kevana Bereket” terc\u00eeh dikir. Sedema v\u00ea yek\u00ea ew b\u00fb ku w\u00ee bawer dikir kontrola “Kevana Bereket” d\u00ea bikeve dest\u00ea biraziy\u00ea w\u00ee, par\u00eazgar\u00ea text\u00ea Iraq\u00ea M\u00eer Ebdul\u00eelah Bin El\u00ee Bin Husey\u00een \u00fb li pi\u015ft w\u00ee j\u00ee N\u00fbr\u00ee El-Se\u00eed.<\/p>\n

Ev hem\u00fb faktoran b\u00fbne sedem ku projeya br\u00eatan\u00ee t\u00eak bi\u00e7e. Herwiha, hem\u00fb hewl\u00ean ku pa\u015f\u00ea ji bo vejandina projeya “Kevana Bereket” hatin kirin, bi t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea encam dan. Nim\u00fbneyeke v\u00ea yek\u00ea rew\u015fa pi\u015ft\u00ee darbeya Sam\u00ee El-Hinnaw\u00ee ya di 14\u00ea tebaxa 1949an de li dij Hisn\u00ee El-Ze\u00eem b\u00fb. S\u00ea meh pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea darbey\u00ea hilbijartin hatin lidarxistin \u00fb Partiya Gel, ku bingehek xurt li Heleb\u00ea heb\u00fb \u00fb pi\u015ftgir\u00ea yek\u00eetiya bi Iraq\u00ea re b\u00fb, her\u00ee z\u00eade kursiy\u00ean parlamentoy\u00ea bi dest xist.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea ev p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn dom nekir, ji ber ku di 19\u00ea kan\u00fbna 1949an de darbeya Kolonel Ed\u00eeb El-\u015e\u00ee\u015fekl\u00ee, ku ji aliy\u00ea Qah\u00eere \u00fb Riyad\u00ea ve hatib\u00fb pi\u015ftgir\u00eekirin, p\u00eakan\u00eena wan gav\u00ean ku Enc\u00fbmena Hilbijart\u00ee d\u00ea ji bo yek\u00eetiy\u00ea biav\u00eaje asteng kir. Ev enc\u00fbmen, ku Mecl\u00eesa Damezr\u00eener b\u00fb \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee pejirandina Dest\u00fbra 1950an b\u00fb parlamento, bi pi\u015ftgiriya Partiya Gel \u00fb wan parlementer\u00ean ku li gel w\u00ea sekin\u00eeb\u00fbn, amade b\u00fb ku van gavan bav\u00eaje.<\/p>\n

B\u00fbyer\u00ean 29\u00ea gulana 1945an dikarin wek\u00ee m\u00eenakek\u00ea ji bo rola diyarker a faktor\u00ean dervey\u00ee di d\u00eeroka S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de werin d\u00eetin. Rastiyeke ku piraniya S\u00fbriyay\u00ea ji qeb\u00fblkirina w\u00ea d\u00fbr in. Guman \u00fb b\u00eabaweriya li dora hesab\u00ea ku Miles Copeland, serok\u00ea of\u00eesa CIAy\u00ea li \u015eam\u00ea, di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya “The Game of Nations” (3) de, ku di sala 1969an de hatiye we\u015fandin \u00fb di buhara pi\u015ft\u00ee w\u00ea de hatiye wergerandin bo ereb\u00ee, di der bar\u00ea rola Washington\u00ea di darbeya bi serokatiya Husn\u00ee El-Ze\u00eem (30\u00ea adara 1949an) de daye, xuya ye ku berdewam dike.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u00eakol\u00eena Douglas Little ya sala 1990\u00ee (4), ku xwe disp\u00eare vekirina ar\u015f\u00eev\u00ean belgey\u00ean ve\u015fart\u00ee y\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee y\u00ean Wezareta Derve \u00fb Ajansa \u00cest\u00eexbarata Navend\u00ee, bi r\u00eaya belgey\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee y\u00ean ku di sal\u00ean 1980y\u00ee de hatine e\u015fkerekirin, rola Washington\u00ea di darbeya Husn\u00ee El-Ze\u00eem de pi\u015ftrast dike (r\u00fbpel\u00ean 55 \u00fb 56), her wiha \u00ee\u015faret p\u00ea kir ku Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ji bo pejirandina Peymana Tapline fi\u015far kir, ku Husn\u00ee El-Ze\u00eem di 16\u00ea gulana 1949an de, pi\u015ft\u00ee salan astengkirina hem ji h\u00eala hik\u00fbmet \u00fb hem j\u00ee ji h\u00eala parlamentoy\u00ea ve \u00eemze kir, pi\u015ftrast dike. Li vir div\u00ea em l\u00eakol\u00eena Profesor Zamir \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ea ku w\u00ee li ser rola br\u00eetan\u00ee di v\u00ea astengkirin\u00ea de ragihandiye bi b\u00eer b\u00eenin. Herwiha k\u00eam rola rasterast a Washington\u00ea di te\u015fw\u00eeqkirina darbeya duyem\u00een a \u015e\u00ee\u015fekl\u00ee (\u015feva 28-29\u00ea mijdara 1951\u00ea) de ji bo hilwe\u015fandina hik\u00fbmeta Dr. Mar\u00fbf El-Dewalib\u00ee, ku projeya Fermandariya Rojhilata Nav\u00een (MEC) red kir, di heman dem\u00ea de \u015e\u00ee\u015fekl\u00ee pi\u015ftgir\u00ea w\u00ea b\u00fb, e\u015fkere dike, wek\u00ee ku di axaftinek bi Copeland re p\u00eanc roj ber\u00ee darbey\u00ea de t\u00ea xuyankirin (r. 59). Ev proje di cotmeha 1951\u00ea de ji h\u00eala Washington, London \u00fb Par\u00ees\u00ea ve hate p\u00ea\u015fniyarkirin da ku li Rojhilata Nav\u00een pergalek le\u015fker\u00ee ji bo hevkariya di navbera s\u00ea h\u00eaz\u00ean NATOy\u00ea \u00fb welat\u00ean Rojhilata Nav\u00een de were damezrandin. Ev yek bi qeb\u00fblkirina endametiya Tirkiyay\u00ea di hevpeymaniy\u00ea de ji h\u00eala NATOy\u00ea ve di \u00eelona 1951\u00ea de re hevdem b\u00fb. Me meh \u00fb n\u00eevek ber\u00ee darbeya \u015e\u00ee\u015fekl\u00ee d\u00eet ku \u00e7awa hik\u00fbmeta Mistefa El-Nehas Pa\u015fa li Misr\u00ea projeya Fermandariya Rojhilata Nav\u00een (MEC) red kir.<\/p>\n

Di l\u00eakol\u00eena Little de, em dikarin n\u00ee\u015faney\u00ean ku dikarin raz\u00ean di d\u00eeroka S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de rave bikin. bib\u00eenin. Di nav wan de raporek bi d\u00eeroka 7\u00ea n\u00eesana 1955an (panzdeh roj ber\u00ee ku\u015ftina Kolonel Ednan El-Malik\u00ee) heye, ku di Of\u00eesa Kord\u00eenasyona Operasyonan (OCB) de, ajansa r\u00eaveberiya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ya ku berpirsiyar\u00ea kord\u00eenasyona operasyon\u00ean ve\u015fart\u00ee ye, belav b\u00fbye. Rapor behsa “bandora z\u00eade ya \u00e7epgiran \u00fb \u00e7end komun\u00eestan di art\u00ea\u015fa S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de dike” (r. 63).<\/p>\n

Di 13\u00ea n\u00eesana 1955an de, di nameyeke ve\u015fart\u00ee ya Wez\u00eer\u00ea Derve y\u00ea Amer\u00eekay\u00ea John Foster Dulles de ji Balyoz\u00ea Amer\u00eekay\u00ea li Iraq\u00ea, Demar Gallman re, Dulles tirsa xwe diyar dike ku “desteserkirina desthilatdariy\u00ea ji h\u00eala Kolonel El-Malik\u00ee \u00fb efser\u00ean ji bask\u00ea \u00e7ep \u00fb ev yek di war\u00ea hevpeymaniyeke ferm\u00ee de bi Ebdulnasir re li Misr\u00ea t\u00ea \u00e7i watey\u00ea, d\u00ea bi v\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna dij\u00ee-Rojava re bibe sedema \u00eeht\u00eemala destwerdaneke dij\u00ee-le\u015fker\u00ee ya Iraq\u00ea, an j\u00ee xerabtir, destwerdaneke le\u015fker\u00ee ya \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea li dij\u00ee yek an \u00e7end dewlet\u00ean ereb\u00ee” (r. 63-64).<\/p>\n

Herwiha di l\u00eakol\u00eena Little de, em dikarin belgey\u00ean be\u015fdariya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea di operasyon\u00ean ku armanc dikin guhartina rej\u00eem\u00ea li \u015eam\u00ea, wek Operasyona Stroke, bib\u00eenin. Plankirina v\u00ea operasyon\u00ea di adara 1956an de di navbera CIA \u00fb MI-6 (Xizmeta \u00cest\u00eexbarata Ve\u015fart\u00ee ya Br\u00eetan\u00ee li Derve) de dest p\u00ea kir \u00fb di destp\u00eak\u00ea de ji bo 25\u00ea cotmeha 1956an hatib\u00fb plankirin. Pi\u015ftre br\u00eetaniyan daxwaza pa\u015fxistin\u00ea bo 28\u00ea cotmeh\u00ea kirin, l\u00ea amer\u00eekayiyan kif\u015f kirin ku ev yek bi \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa \u00cesra\u00eel\u00ea ya li ser S\u00eenay\u00ea re, ku di 29\u00ea cotmeh\u00ea de dest p\u00ea kir, hevdem b\u00fb.<\/p>\n

Br\u00eetanya \u00fb Fransay\u00ea pa\u015f\u00ea tevl\u00ee \u015fer\u00ea li dij\u00ee Misr\u00ea b\u00fbn. Hem\u00ee belge pi\u015ftrast dikin ku \u015fer\u00ea 1956an r\u00eaveberiya Serok Dwight Eisenhower li Washington\u00ea matmay\u00ee hi\u015ft. Little herwiha be\u015fdariya yekane ya Washington\u00ea di Operasyona Wabon de e\u015fkere dike, ku Kolonel Ebdulhem\u00eed El-Serac di 12\u00ea tebaxa 1957an de, ber\u00ee ku ew \u00e7\u00eabibe, e\u015fkere kir, m\u00eena ku w\u00ee ber\u00ea Operasyona Stroke e\u015fkere kirib\u00fb, her du j\u00ee bi r\u00eaya penetrasyona \u00eest\u00eexbarat\u00ea ya ji h\u00eala El-Serac ve.<\/p>\n

Cudahiya di navbera Little \u00fb Patrick Seale di pirt\u00fbka w\u00ee ya bi nav\u00ea “The Struggle for Syria 1945-1958” de ev e ku Little xwe disp\u00eare belgey\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee, l\u00ea Seale xwe disp\u00eare ti\u015ft\u00ean ku di darizandin\u00ean s\u00fbriyayiy\u00ean tevl\u00ee (Stracle) \u00fb (Wapone) b\u00fbne de qewim\u00eene, an j\u00ee daxuyaniy\u00ean ferm\u00ee an j\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ean ku di rojnameyan de hatine ragihandin.<\/p>\n

Eger Operasyon\u00ean Strackle \u00fb Wapon ji aliy\u00ea amer\u00eekayiyan ve hatin kirin (di operasyona yekem a 1956an de bi be\u015fdariya br\u00eetaniyan) da ku bandora \u00e7epgir\u00ean s\u00fbriyay\u00ee, bi \u015fax\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean ereb\u00eest \u00fb komun\u00eest, li \u015eam\u00ea pa\u015f bixin \u00fb w\u00ea li gor\u00ee h\u00eaz\u00ean rastgir \u00ean s\u00fbriay\u00ee hilwe\u015f\u00eenin, w\u00ea dem\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku Washington dixwest ji ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ji her du operasyonan dixwest, bi d\u00eemena erkdarkirina Ef\u00eef El-Bizr\u00ee wek\u00ee Serfermandar\u00ea Art\u00ea\u015fa S\u00fbriyay\u00ee di 18\u00ea tebaxa 1957an de, bi awayek\u00ee rad\u00eekal berevaj\u00ee b\u00fb, ji ber ku ew n\u00ee\u015faneke bandora z\u00eade ya komun\u00eest\u00ean s\u00fbriyay\u00ee di art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea de b\u00fb, berevaj\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ea ku belgeya amer\u00eekay\u00ee ya 7\u00ea n\u00eesana 1955an li ser “bandora z\u00eade ya \u00e7epgiran \u00fb \u00e7end komun\u00eestan di Art\u00ea\u015fa S\u00fbriyay\u00ee de” n\u00ee\u015fan da (l\u00eakol\u00eena Little, r. 63).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Bandora z\u00eade ya komun\u00eestan li \u015eam\u00ea bi \u00eeht\u00eemaleke mezin n\u00ee\u015fana destp\u00eaka par\u00e7eb\u00fbn\u00ea di navbera \u00e7epgir\u00ean neteweperest \u00ean ereb de b\u00fb, y\u00ean ku reng\u00ean wan \u00ean beis\u00ee \u00fbEbdulnasir\u00eest ji Ebdulnasir re al\u00eegir b\u00fbn \u00fb \u00e7epgir\u00ean komun\u00eest ku bandora wan di art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea de bi erkdarkirina El-Bizr\u00ee \u00fb herwiha bi heb\u00fbna Xalid El-Ezm di Wezareta Parastin\u00ea de ku ji komun\u00eestan re al\u00eegir b\u00fb, dest p\u00ea kir.<\/p>\n

Hem\u00fb n\u00ee\u015fan n\u00ee\u015fan didin ku ev dabe\u015fb\u00fbn mot\u00eefa sereke ye ji bo ereb\u00eestan di art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea \u00fb di Partiya Beis de ku bi Misir\u00ea re yek\u00eetiy\u00ea bigerin, wek\u00ee r\u00eayek ji bo rev\u00eena ji v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea ku dikar\u00eeb\u00fb bibe sedema serdestiya komun\u00eestan li ser d\u00eemena siyas\u00ee ya S\u00fbriyay\u00ea, an j\u00ee dubarekirina ti\u015ft\u00ea ku di sibata 1948an de li \u00c7ekoslovakyay\u00ea qewim\u00ee dema ku komun\u00eestan desthilatdar\u00ee bi dest xistin \u00fb hevkar\u00ean xwe ji h\u00eaz\u00ean din \u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean ku wan bi wan re li dij\u00ee dagirkeriya naziyan a 1938-1945an hevalbend\u00ee kirib\u00fbn, ji hol\u00ea rakirin.<\/p>\n

Ev yek p\u00eakane e rave dike \u00e7ima Ebdulnasir \u00fb amer\u00eekayiyan di derbar\u00ea gefa desteserkirina komun\u00eestan li \u015eam\u00ea de n\u00ear\u00eenek hevpar parve dikirin. Ev n\u00eaz\u00eekb\u00fbn b\u00fb sedema pejirandina Washington\u00ea ya yek\u00eetiya S\u00fbriya-Misr\u00ea di sibata 1958an de, yek\u00eetiyek ku taybetmendiya w\u00ea ya diyarker pev\u00e7\u00fbna Ebdulnasir bi komun\u00eestan re \u00fb girtina wan a pa\u015f\u00ea di dawiya 1958 \u00fb destp\u00eaka 1959an de b\u00fb. B\u00ea guman erkdarkirina El-Bizr\u00ee di \u00eelona 1957an de amer\u00eekay\u00ee te\u015fw\u00eeq kir ku tirkan te\u015fw\u00eeq bikin ku li ser s\u00eenor\u00ea S\u00fbriyay\u00ea,\u00a0 ji h\u00eala le\u015fker\u00ee ve seferber bibin, ku b\u00fb sedema kr\u00eezek navnetewey\u00ee ku t\u00ea de Sovyetan hi\u015fyar\u00ee dan Enqeray\u00ea li dij\u00ee \u00ear\u00ee\u015fa li ser S\u00fbriyay\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Tirsa Washington\u00ea ji pev\u00e7\u00fbnek Amer\u00eeka-Sovyet\u00ea ew hi\u015ft ku kr\u00eez\u00ea b\u00eabandor bike, ku hema hema b\u00fb sedema pev\u00e7\u00fbneke rasterast di navbera Ko\u015fka Sp\u00ee \u00fb Kremlin\u00ea de.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Xwep\u00ea\u015fandanek li \u015eam\u00ea bo pi\u015ftgiriya yek\u00eetiya di navbera S\u00fbriya \u00fb Misr\u00ea de di sala 1957an de | AFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Rastiya ku h\u00eaz\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean S\u00fbriyay\u00ea \u00fb efser\u00ean art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea y\u00ean bibandor li Qah\u00eerey\u00ea ji Ebdulnasir xwestin ku yek\u00eetiya Misir-S\u00fbriyay\u00ea p\u00eak b\u00eene, bi awayek\u00ee ku bi gelek lavayan tij\u00ee ye, n\u00ee\u015fan dide ku h\u00eaz\u00ean navxwey\u00ee y\u00ean S\u00fbriyay\u00ea ji bo guhartina rew\u015fa navxwey\u00ee, an j\u00ee ji bo p\u00ea\u015f\u00eegirtina li guhartin\u00ean navxwey\u00ee y\u00ean ku xet\u00ean wan jixwe bi zelal\u00ee xuya b\u00fbn, pi\u015ftgiriya dervey\u00ee digerin. Di k\u00ealiyeke e\u015fkere de li ser niv\u00eena mirina xwe di sala 1960\u00ee de, Fares El-X\u00fbr\u00ee, di hevpeyv\u00eenek\u00ea de bi Patrick Seale re, po\u015fmaniya xwe an\u00ee Ziemen \u00fb sedema rast\u00een a li pi\u015ft bang\u00ean ji bo yek\u00eetiy\u00ea di navbera gelek aliy\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de e\u015fkere kir \u00fb got: “Ev di k\u00ealiyeke b\u00eawijdaniy\u00ea de hate kirin. Ez rastiy\u00ea dib\u00eajim, her \u00e7end ew min wek\u00ee dur\u00fb xuya bike j\u00ee. Her \u00e7end ez bi damezrandina yek\u00eetiy\u00ea raz\u00ee neb\u00fbm j\u00ee, ez bi e\u015fkerey\u00ee li dij\u00ee w\u00ea derneketim. W\u00ea dem\u00ea, ez dihizir\u00eem ku ew ten\u00ea r\u00eaya rawestandina belavb\u00fbna komun\u00eezm\u00ea li welat b\u00fb.” (5)<\/p>\n

Wiha xuya dike ku berdana kar a C\u00eegir\u00ea Serok\u00ea Komara Ereb\u00ee ya Yekb\u00fby\u00ee, Ekrem El-Hewran\u00ee (tev\u00ee wez\u00eer\u00ean Partiya Beis\u00ea) di 30\u00ea kan\u00fbna \u00fb\u00ea\u015f\u00een a 1959an de \u00fb tevgera beisiyan ber bi r\u00fbbir\u00fbb\u00fbna bi Ebdulnasir re, bi prat\u00eek\u00ee neb\u00fbna hewcedariya beisiyan bi armanca yek\u00eet\u00eey\u00ea, ku ew j\u00ee al\u00eekar\u00eeya serok\u00ea Misr\u00ea b\u00fb ji bo l\u00eadana komun\u00eest\u00ean s\u00fbriyay\u00ee ku bandora wan ji hav\u00eena 1957an vir ve z\u00eade dib\u00fb, n\u00ee\u015fan da. Ev e ti\u015ft\u00ea ku Ebdulnasir di destp\u00eaka 1959an de li dij\u00ee komun\u00eestan kir di k\u00ealiyeke siyas\u00ee ya S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de ku t\u00ea de pev\u00e7\u00fbna di navbera meyla neteweperestiya ereb \u00fb komun\u00eest\u00ean li Iraq\u00ea ji dawiya 1958an vir ve tevlihev b\u00fb, d\u00fbv re di bihara 1959an de veguher\u00ee pev\u00e7\u00fbnek vekir\u00ee di navbera Ebdulnasir \u00fb N\u00eek\u00eeta Khrushchev, serok\u00ea Partiya Komun\u00eest a Sovyet\u00ea de.<\/p>\n

Hevgirtina Washington\u00ea biEbdulnasir re ji sala 1958an heta 1964an b\u00eay\u00ee ber\u00e7avgirtina pev\u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ee bi komun\u00eestan re li S\u00fbriya \u00fb Iraq\u00ea \u00fb pi\u015ftre bi Moskoy\u00ea re, nay\u00ea ravekirin. N\u00ear\u00eena Washington\u00ea ya li ser yek\u00eetiya Misir-S\u00fbriyay\u00ea bi tund\u00ee ji h\u00eala v\u00ea faktor\u00ea ve bandor b\u00fbye, wek\u00ee ku di raporeke ve\u015fart\u00ee de ku ji h\u00eala Al\u00eekar\u00ea Sekreter\u00ea Derve y\u00ea Amer\u00eekay\u00ea ji bo Kar\u00fbbar\u00ean Rojhilata N\u00eaz\u00eek, Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea Asyay\u00ea \u00fb Bakur\u00ea Afr\u00eekay\u00ea ve ji Wez\u00eer\u00ea Derve y\u00ea Wek\u00eel re hat\u00ee \u015fandin, bi d\u00eeroka 25\u00ea \u00e7ileya 1958an de t\u00ea d\u00eetin: “Di demeke dir\u00eaj de, berjewendiy\u00ean demdir\u00eaj \u00fb demkurt \u00ean Amer\u00eekay\u00ea di yek\u00eetiya Misir-S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de ne yek in, l\u00ea di demeke n\u00eaz\u00eek de, em xwed\u00ee berjewendiyek in di desthilatdariya Ebdulnasir de li S\u00fbriyay\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee yek\u00eetiy\u00ea ku bibe sedema s\u00eenordarkirina bandora Partiya Komun\u00eest a S\u00fbriyay\u00ea, di heman dem\u00ea de di demeke dir\u00eaj de, yek\u00eet\u00ee dikare welat\u00ea S\u00fbriyay\u00ea ber bi r\u00eay\u00ean neasay\u00ee ve bibe, \u00eeht\u00eemala avakirina t\u00eakiliyan di navbera Iraq \u00fb S\u00fbriyay\u00ea de k\u00eam bike, hegemonyaya Ebdulnasir li ser c\u00eehana ereb h\u00easan bike \u00fb t\u00eakiliya dewleta yekgirt\u00ee bi \u00cesra\u00eel \u00fb bi dewlet\u00ean ereb re tevlihev bike.” (6)<\/p>\n

Bi her away\u00ee, b\u00eay\u00ee peymana amer\u00eekay\u00ee bi Ebdulnasir re \u00fb raz\u00eeb\u00fbna amer\u00eekayiyan bi yek\u00eetiya Misir-S\u00fbriyay\u00ea re ku Washington pi\u015ft\u00ee damezrandina w\u00ea di 22\u00ea Ssbata 1958an de z\u00fb nas kir, peymana amer\u00eekay\u00ee-misir\u00ee ya li ser destn\u00ee\u015fankirina General Major F\u00fbad \u015eihab wek Serok\u00ea Lubnan\u00ea di \u00eelona 1958an de nay\u00ea ravekirin, pi\u015ft\u00ee aloziya navxwey\u00ee ya Lubnan\u00ea ji gulana 1958an ve di tevgereke opoz\u00eesyon\u00ea ya berfireh de, ku ji h\u00eala Ebdulnasir ve dihat pi\u015ftgir\u00eekirin, li dij\u00ee desthilatdariya Serok Kem\u00eel \u015eemon, ku dilsoz\u00ea Peymana Bexday\u00ea \u00fb Br\u00eetanyay\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee Serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Iraq\u00ea N\u00fbr\u00ee El-Said b\u00fb ku di 14\u00ea t\u00eermeha 1958an de li gel malbata \u015fah\u00ee ya Ha\u015fim\u00ee li Bexday\u00ea hate hilwe\u015fandin, da ku desthilatdariya Ebdulker\u00eem Qasim ku bi pi\u015ftgiriya bandora xurt a komun\u00eestan li Iraq\u00ea, bi d\u00fbrxistina neteweperest\u00ean ereb, beis\u00ee \u00fb y\u00ean din ji meqam\u00ean di desthilatdariya n\u00fb ya Iraq\u00ea de ji pay\u00eeza 1958an vir ve, b\u00eene. Ev yek b\u00fb sedema pev\u00e7\u00fbnek\u00ea di navbera Qah\u00eera \u00fb Bexday\u00ea de.<\/p>\n

Tezek (7) ji bo mastera d\u00eerok\u00ea ji Zan\u00eengeha Kal\u00eeforniyay\u00ea, di sala 2006an de, ji h\u00eala William J. Ziemen ve hat\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin, bi sernav\u00ea: “Destwerdana Ve\u015fart\u00ee ya Amer\u00eekay\u00ee li Iraq\u00ea 1958-1963” (PDF, r\u00fbpel 52), heye ku h\u00fbrguliy\u00ean hevkariya amer\u00eekay\u00ee-misr\u00ee li dij\u00ee rej\u00eema Ebdulker\u00eem Qasim ku bi komun\u00eest\u00ean Iraq\u00ee re hevalbend b\u00fb, peyda dike. Ew n\u00ear\u00eenek ku ji h\u00eala R\u00eavebir\u00ea CIAy\u00ea Allen Dulles ve di derbar\u00ea Iraq\u00ea de hat\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015fkirin \u00fb agahdariya ku ji w\u00ee re heye di derbar\u00ea amadekariy\u00ean hewldana darbey\u00ea de ku ji h\u00eala Ebdulnasir ve li bajar\u00ea M\u00fbsil\u00ea hat\u00ee pi\u015ftgir\u00eekirin, di dema r\u00fbni\u015ftina Konseya Ewlekariya Netewey\u00ee ya 5\u00ea adara 1959an de, vedihew\u00eene. T\u00ea de ew dib\u00eaje ku “Amer\u00eeka bi du bijarteyan re r\u00fb bi r\u00fb ye, komun\u00eezm an nasir\u00eezm \u00fb\u00a0 xuya dike ku pa\u015f\u00ee ba\u015fa p\u00eesan e” (Ziemen: r. 16). Di gotin\u00ean xwe y\u00ean li ser hewldana derbey\u00ea ya p\u00ea\u015fb\u00een\u00eekir\u00ee de ku s\u00ea roj \u015f\u00fbnda di bin serokatiya Kolonel Ebdulwehab El-\u015eewaf de li M\u00fbsil\u00ea p\u00eak hat \u00fb t\u00eak \u00e7\u00fb \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ea komkujiy\u00ean ku ji h\u00eala komun\u00eestan ve li dij\u00ee neteweperest\u00ean ereb hatin kirin, serok\u00ea CIAy\u00ea dib\u00eaje: “P\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ean li Iraq\u00ea ji bo Amer\u00eekay\u00ea p\u00eaw\u00eestiya w\u00ea bi baldariyeke n\u00eaz\u00eektir e \u00fb dibe ku di p\u00ea\u015fber\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fketin\u00ean potansiyel de (hinek) t\u00eakil\u00ee bi Ebdulnasir re p\u00eaw\u00eest be” (r. 16). Ziemen herwiha bal\u00ea diki\u015f\u00eene ser hevkariya amerakay\u00ee \u00fb misr\u00ee di hewldana ku\u015ftin\u00ea ya li dij\u00ee Qasim de (7\u00ea cotmeha 1959an), ku Sedam His\u00ean be\u015fdar\u00ee w\u00ea b\u00fb. Ber\u00ee hewldana ku\u015ftin\u00ea ya t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fby\u00ee, Ebdulmec\u00eed Fer\u00eed, al\u00eekar\u00ea ata\u015fey\u00ea le\u015fker\u00ee li balyozxaneya Misr\u00ea li Iraq\u00ea, li Bexday\u00ea ji bo w\u00ee xaniyek kir\u00ea kir (r. 18). Li gor\u00ee Ziemen, rola CIAy\u00ea di hewldana ku\u015ftin\u00ea ya li dij\u00ee Qasim de xuya b\u00fb ku digih\u00eeje “hevkariya bi misriyan re di f\u00eenansekirin \u00fb organ\u00eezekirina operasyon\u00ea de” (r. 18). Wek\u00ee din, rev\u00eena Sedam bo Tikr\u00eet\u00ea pi\u015ft\u00ee t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbna hewldan\u00ea bi hevkariya CIA \u00fb Misr\u00ea ve hate h\u00easankirin (r. 18) ber\u00ee ku ew bi qa\u00e7ax\u00ee bi\u00e7e \u015eam\u00ea \u00fb d\u00fbv re j\u00ee Qah\u00eeray\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Zemin e\u015fkere dike ku gir\u00eadana di navbera Partiya Beis\u00ea \u00fb Washington\u00ea de Kolon\u00eal Salih Mihd\u00ee Ema\u015f b\u00fb ku ew ata\u015feyek\u00ee le\u015fker\u00ee li balyozxaneya Iraq\u00ea li Washington\u00ea b\u00fb \u00fb “p\u00eakan e ku ew ji h\u00eala amer\u00eekayiyan ve li wir hatibe vexwendin” (r. 26). Pi\u015ftre Ema\u015f b\u00fb “yek ji gir\u00eadan\u00ean Partiya Beis\u00ea bi CIAy\u00ea re” li Iraq\u00ea (r. 26).<\/p>\n

Ema\u015f ber\u00ee darbeya 8\u00ea sibata 1963yan serok\u00ea r\u00eaxistina le\u015fker\u00ee ya Partiya Beis b\u00fb. Girtina w\u00ee ji h\u00eala Qasim ve p\u00eanc roj ber\u00ea bandor li ser serkeftina darbey\u00ea nekir ku Qasim ji desthilatdariy\u00ea hate hilwe\u015fandin \u00fb roja din b\u00fb sedema bidarvekirina w\u00ee,\u00a0 pi\u015ftre komkuj\u00eey\u00ean komun\u00eest\u00ean iraq\u00ee p\u00eak hatin.<\/p>\n

Zemen, bi r\u00eaya belgey\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee, pi\u015ftrast dike ku Washington li pi\u015ft derbeya Partiya Beis\u00ea ya 8\u00ea sibata 1963yan li Bexday\u00ea b\u00fb (r\u00fbpel\u00ean 29-30-31). \u015eah His\u00ean bin Telal \u00ea Urdun\u00ea di hevpeyv\u00eenek\u00ea de bi rojnameya El-Ehram re (27\u00ea \u00eelona 1963yan) pi\u015ftrast kir ku “derbeya 8\u00ea sibata 1963yan a li Iraq\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea \u00eest\u00eexbarata amer\u00eekay\u00ee ve hatiye pi\u015ftgir\u00eekirin \u00fb gelek civ\u00een di navbera amer\u00eekay\u00ee \u00fb beisiyan de p\u00eak hatine, ya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng j\u00ee ber\u00ee darbey\u00ea li Kuweyt\u00ea p\u00eak hatiye” (Ziemen, r. 28).<\/p>\n

El\u00ee Salih El-Seid\u00ee, ku di dema derbey\u00ea de Sekreter\u00ea Fermandariya Her\u00eam\u00ee ya Partiya Beis\u00ea li Iraq\u00ea b\u00fb, ev \u00eet\u00eeraf e\u015fkere kir: “Em bi tr\u00ean\u00ea CIAy\u00ea hatin ser desthilat\u00ea” (Ziem\u00een, r. 28). Di vegotineke din de, Fuad Arif ji l\u00eakol\u00eener S\u00eenan El-Zeyd\u00ee re got ku w\u00ee di sala 1989an de li ber \u00e7av\u00ean Dr. Kemal Mezhar Ehmed, ji Hena El-Omer\u00ee, jina El\u00ee Seid\u00ee, li ser rastb\u00fbna gotina m\u00ear\u00ea w\u00ea ya jor\u00een pirs\u00ee. W\u00ea bersiv da: “Er\u00ea, m\u00ear\u00ea min ev gotin li Par\u00ees\u00ea di civ\u00eenek\u00ea de bi komek iraqiyan re got \u00fb \u00e7end caran dubare kir.” Gir\u00eeng e ku li vir were zan\u00een ku El-Seid\u00ee di sala 1976an de li Qah\u00eeray\u00ea ji Y\u00fbnis El-Tai re got \u00fb li Bexday\u00ea j\u00ee dubare kir ku ew bi nezan\u00ee bi tr\u00ean\u00ea bi motora amer\u00eekay\u00ee hatine ser desthilat\u00ea. Dema ku \u00cesma\u00eel Arif li Beyr\u00fbt\u00ea j\u00ea pirs\u00ee ka wan \u00e7awa desthilat winda kiriye, w\u00ee bersiveke rasterast neda. El-Seid\u00ee bersiv da: “Min hem\u00fb h\u00eaz negirt \u00fb me ev dizan\u00eeb\u00fb, l\u00ea y\u00ean ku li pi\u015ft w\u00ea b\u00fbn me t\u00eak birin. Em di tr\u00eana amer\u00eekay\u00ee de b\u00fbn.” Di axaftinek\u00ea de bi helbestvan Muzefer El-Newab re, El-Seid\u00ee pi\u015ftrast kir ku ew \u00fb xeta n\u00eaz\u00eek\u00ee w\u00ee bi tu away\u00ee bi tu saziyeke biyan\u00ee ve ne gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne \u00fb \u00e7end xulekan pi\u015ft\u00ee 8\u00ea sibat\u00ea w\u00ee kif\u015f kir ku ew \u00fb koma w\u00ee li dij\u00ee \u00eeradeya xwe bi tr\u00eana ku motora w\u00ea amer\u00eekay\u00ee b\u00fb r\u00eaw\u00eetiy\u00ea dikin. Ev yek bi ti\u015ft\u00ean ku w\u00ee di civ\u00eena wan a li Par\u00ees\u00ea de ji r\u00eaber\u00ea kurd Mehm\u00fbd Osman re gotib\u00fb re nakok e, ji ber ku El-Seid\u00ee ji w\u00ee re pi\u015ftrast kir ku armanc r\u00eay\u00ea rewa dike di bersiva rastb\u00fbna gotina w\u00ee de, “Em bi tr\u00eana amer\u00eekay\u00ee hatin.” (8).<\/p>\n

Li vir, heger Partiya Beis\u00ea di 8\u00ea sibata 1963yan de li Bexday\u00ea bi “tr\u00eana amer\u00eekay\u00ee” hatibe ser desthilat\u00ea, w\u00ea dem\u00ea Partiya Beis\u00ee di 8\u00ea adara 1963yan de, mehek pi\u015ft\u00ee derbeya ku li Bexday\u00ea bi r\u00ea ve bir, li \u015eam\u00ea bi k\u00eejan tr\u00ean\u00ea hatibe ser desthilat\u00ea? Gir\u00eeng e ku were b\u00eeran\u00een ku pi\u015ft\u00ee P\u00eancem\u00een Kongreya Netewey\u00ee ya partiy\u00ea ku di gulana 1962yan de li Hums\u00ea hat lidarxistin, neh iraq\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea Fermandariya Netewey\u00ee ya Partiya Beis\u00ee ve hatin erkdarkirin ku \u015fax\u00ea S\u00fbriyay\u00ea y\u00ea Partiya Beis ji n\u00fb ve ava bikin. Ev yek pi\u015ft\u00ee hilwe\u015fandina R\u00eaxistina Her\u00eam\u00ee ya S\u00fbriyay\u00ea ji aliy\u00ea Fermandariya Netewey\u00ee ve di roj\u00ean destp\u00eak\u00ea y\u00ean yek\u00eetiya 1958an de p\u00eak hat. R\u00eaxistina Her\u00eam\u00ee ya S\u00fbriyay\u00ea, di bin serokatiya Fermandariya Netewey\u00ee de \u00fb di bin fermandariya Iraq\u00ea de ji n\u00fb ve hat avakirin, st\u00fbna darbeya le\u015fker\u00ee ya 8\u00ea adara 1963yan b\u00fb. Kom\u00eeteya w\u00ea ya le\u015fker\u00ee, ku bi Sekreter\u00ea Gi\u015ft\u00ee y\u00ea partiy\u00ea, M\u00ee\u015f\u00eal Efleq \u00fb bi r\u00eaber\u00ean m\u00eena Selah El-B\u00eetar ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee b\u00fb, bingeha derbey\u00ea p\u00eak an\u00ee. Ev yek ber\u00ee ku beis\u00ee desthilatdariya xwe li S\u00fbriyay\u00ea xurt bikin, hevkar\u00ean xwe y\u00ean nasir\u00eest di derbey\u00ea de ji bil\u00ee wan \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee hewldana derbeya t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fby\u00ee ya nasiriyan li dij\u00ee beisiyan di 18\u00ea t\u00eermeha 1963yan de qewim\u00ee.<\/p>\n

Pirsa ku derdikeve hol\u00ea ev e: Gelo h\u00eaz\u00ean li pi\u015ft derbeya S\u00fbriyay\u00ea ya 8\u00ea adara 1963yan ji derbeya 8\u00ea sibata 1963yan dikarin werin veqetandin, ji ber ku heman saz\u00ee herduyan j\u00ee p\u00eak aniye?<\/p>\n

Ev pirs d\u00ea vekir\u00ee bim\u00eene heya ku belgey\u00ean li ser derbeya beisiyan li \u015eam\u00ea peyda bibin, m\u00eena ku belgey\u00ean amer\u00eekay\u00ee li ser derbeya beisiyan li Bexday\u00ea peyda b\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

N\u00ee\u015fe<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

(1)- \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n

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Britain’s treachery, France’s revenge<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n