{"id":14436,"date":"2026-05-03T16:33:31","date_gmt":"2026-05-03T16:33:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/?p=14436"},"modified":"2026-05-03T16:33:31","modified_gmt":"2026-05-03T16:33:31","slug":"1-205","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jeremy Adelman (Foreign Affairs)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Made bi ereb\u00ee j\u00ee heye \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n

Nirxandinek der bar\u00ea pirt\u00fbka “\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb” de ya niv\u00eeskar Sven Beckert.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00eehan ketiye serdemek\u00ee \u015firovekirin\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fb\u00eeniy\u00ean siberoj\u00ea. Li gor\u00ee gelek l\u00eakol\u00eener \u00fb \u015firovekeran, s\u00eestema ku Amer\u00eeka pi\u015ft\u00ee bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna \u015eer\u00ea Sar, serperestiya w\u00ea dikir, mir. Pi\u015ft\u00ee r\u00fbxandeina Yekitiya Sovyet\u00ea, gelekan texm\u00een dikirin ku t\u00eakbirina komunust\u00ea, b\u00ea g\u00fbman w\u00ea derfet\u00ea bide ku kap\u00eetalzm \u00fb demokras\u00ee belav bibe \u00fb ev hem\u00fb j\u00ee bi serpere\u015ftiya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea. L\u00ea demokrasiya l\u00eeberal\u00eezim, ew niha xwe di aloziy\u00ea de dib\u00eene, di demek\u00ea de ku demokras\u00ee li c\u00eehan\u00ea k\u00eam b\u00fbye \u00fb baweriya gel bi saziy\u00ean l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea nema ye, herwiha herku di\u00e7e j\u00ee g\u00fbmana bi bazarganiya azad \u00fb bazara vekir\u00ee, z\u00eade dibe. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, siyaseta navxwey\u00ee \u00fb derve ya tel\u00eehev a Amer\u00eekay\u00ea, ev aloz\u00ee bi awayek\u00ee e\u015fkere, derxist hol\u00ea. Serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Kanaday\u00ea Mark Carney peyameke sersaxiy\u00ea ji bo rej\u00eema bi serokatiya Amer\u00eekay\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir \u00fb ji y\u00ean din j\u00ee xwest ku b\u00eay\u00ee \u015f\u00een \u00fb nostaljiy\u00ea \u00e7\u00fbna w\u00ea qeb\u00fbl bikin.<\/p>\n

Li gor\u00ee vegotina serokwez\u00eer\u00ea Kanaday\u00ea, pi\u015ft\u00ee v\u00ea qutb\u00fbn\u00ea ti\u015ft\u00ea ku were cih\u00ea n\u00eeqa\u015feke berfireh e. Li welat\u00ean rastgir \u00ean rojavay\u00ee, v\u00ea qutb\u00fbn\u00ea wek\u00ee vegerandinek\u00ea dib\u00eenin \u00fb derfetek\u00ea dib\u00eenin ku careke din kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea gewere bikin, bi pa\u015fveki\u015fandin\u00ea ji \u00e7end nif\u015fan \u00ean pi\u015ftgiriya kozmopol\u00eet\u00ee ya bazar\u00ean azad. L\u00ea rexnegir\u00ean \u00e7epgir ditirsin ku dewlet serwer\u00ee li ser bazaran bike, ne ji bo xurtkirina tor\u00ean ewlekariya civak\u00ee \u00fb parastina \u00e7\u00een\u00ean lawaz, \u00a0l\u00ea ji bo bilindkirin \u00fb may\u00eendekirina ol\u00eegar\u015fiyeke n\u00fb ya el\u00eet\u00ean teknoloj\u00ee.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de \u015f\u00een z\u00eade dibin. F\u00fbndansyonel\u00eest\u00ean bazar\u00ea ji vegera bac\u00ean gumrik\u00ea, z\u00eadeb\u00fbna deyn\u00ea gi\u015ft\u00ee \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ea ku ew wek\u00ee r\u00eaziknameya z\u00eade dib\u00eenin, \u015f\u00een\u00ea digirin. Ji aliy\u00ea din ve, l\u00eeberal\u00ean nerm, v\u00ea aloziy\u00ea wek\u00ee dawiya serdema ronakb\u00eeriy\u00ea bi tevah\u00ee, bi pabendb\u00fbn\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean ji bo aqil, nermb\u00fbn \u00fb berjewendiya hevkar a xwe, dib\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

Di nav van vegotin\u00ean hevpar \u00fb tevlihev de, diyar dibe ku ev hem\u00fb vegotin hema hema n\u00eaz\u00ee hev in. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm, wek\u00ee s\u00eestema siyas\u00ee \u00fb felsef\u00ee ya ku rojek\u00ea ji rojan wek\u00ee kevir\u00ea bingeh\u00een \u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea b\u00fb, niha h\u00eaza xwe winda kiriye.<\/p>\n

Al\u00eegir\u00ean l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea bawer\u00ee bi serxweb\u00fbna kesayet\u00ee \u00fb maf\u00ea milk\u00ea b\u00ea s\u00eenor parastin. Ev raman pi\u015ftgir\u00ee da vekirina bazaran \u00fb avakirina\u00a0 doktr\u00een\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean n\u00fbjen \u00ean bazirganiya azad. Wek\u00ee m\u00eenak, f\u00eelozof\u00ea l\u00eeberal \u00ea sedsala 19an John Stuart Mill israr dikir ku s\u00eestema abor\u00ee ya ba\u015f, li ser maf\u00ea milk\u00ea dabe\u015fkir\u00ee \u00fb gih\u00ee\u015ftina azad a dan\u00fbstandin\u00ea di bazar\u00ea de t\u00ea avakirin.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea bel\u00ea, s\u00eestem\u00ean \u00eeroy\u00een asteke berbi\u00e7av a newekheviy\u00ea \u00e7\u00eadikin \u00fb bi berfirehb\u00fbna z\u00eade ya dewlemendiy\u00ea \u00fb komb\u00fbna h\u00eaz \u00fb sermayeya kesayet\u00ee \u00fb desthilatdariya dewlet\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Niha c\u00eehan li benda serdema pi\u015ft\u00ee l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ye, ku t\u00ea de dibe ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm b\u00eay\u00ee taybetmendiy\u00ean xwe y\u00ean l\u00eeberal bij\u00ee. Dibe ku hevalbendiya di navbera demokras\u00ee \u00fb kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de ya ku pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fore\u015fa p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea di dawiya sedsala 18an de \u00fb bi firehb\u00fbna maf\u00ea dengdan\u00ea di sedsala 19an de \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, ten\u00ea be\u015fek be ji \u00e7\u00eerokeke mezintir.<\/p>\n

Ev p\u00eavajoy\u00ea xeyaleke afirand ku mirov div\u00ea azad be da ku civak p\u00ea\u015fve bi\u00e7in. L\u00ea di rastiy\u00ea de, beriya qonaxa liberal, gelek civak\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest xwe spartin xebata koleyan \u00fb yekdestdariy\u00ean kolonyal\u00ee. Ev lihevkirina tar\u00ee dib\u00eaje ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm di serdema pi\u015ft\u00ee l\u00eeberal de dibe ku vegere hin \u015f\u00eawey\u00ean xwe y\u00ean kevn. Ev n\u00ear\u00een j\u00ee pi\u015ftgir\u00ee dide hizira ku \u00c7\u00een dikare b\u00eay\u00ee p\u00eadiv\u00ee bi piral\u00eezm \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ean siyas\u00ee j\u00ee ge\u015f bibe.<\/p>\n

Di pirt\u00fbka xwe ya “Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm: D\u00eeroke C\u00eehan\u00ee”de, d\u00eeroknas\u00ea navdar \u00ea Zan\u00eengeha Harvard Sven Beckert \u00e7\u00eerokeke t\u00eakildar bi v\u00ea serdem\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. Beckert israr dike ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, ku niha b\u00fbye s\u00eestema abor\u00ee ya gerd\u00fbn\u00ee ya gi\u015ft\u00ee, bi l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ve ne gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm, ku li ser parastina milk\u00ea taybet \u00fb p\u00eaw\u00eestiya b\u00ea g\u00fbman ji qezenc\u00ea ava b\u00fbye, kok\u00ean xwe y\u00ean k\u00fbr di serdem\u00ean beriya l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea de heye \u00fb dikare ge\u015f bibe dema ku ji pabendb\u00fbn\u00ean nirx\u00ee y\u00ean l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea azad bibe.<\/p>\n

Li gor Beckert, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm k\u00eamtir li ser azadiya kesayet\u00ee \u00fb z\u00eadetir li ser hevalbendiy\u00ean di navbera xwedan sermaye \u00fb dewlet\u00ean h\u00eazdar de, t\u00ea avakirin. Di demek\u00ea de ku neraz\u00eeb\u00fbn li hember bazirganiya azad \u00fb bazar\u00ean b\u00eakontrol z\u00eade dibe, dewlet dixwazin ku vegerin \u015f\u00eaweyeke ber\u00ea ya z\u00eadetir\u00a0 tund, ku t\u00ea de qezenc\u00eetiya b\u00earehm \u00fb \u00eestismara abor\u00ee z\u00eade ye. Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, ne \u015fok e ku li gor anketa Gallup ya sala 2025an, ten\u00ea 54% ji amer\u00eekiyan n\u00ear\u00eenek er\u00ean\u00ee li hember kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea heye. Ev j\u00ee k\u00eamtir\u00een asta ji sala 2010an ve ye ku Gallup dest bi \u015fopandina van helwestan kiriye.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Berg\u00ea pirt\u00fbka \u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

L\u00ea tev\u00ee v\u00ea yek\u00ea j\u00ee, ev p\u00ea\u015fb\u00eeniy\u00ean tar\u00ee ti\u015ft\u00ea ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ji p\u00ea\u015fiy\u00ean xwe \u00fb alternat\u00eef\u00ean din cuda dike, ve\u015fartin. Civak\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest xwedan j\u00eahat\u00eeb\u00fbneke berbi\u00e7av b\u00fbn ku aloz\u00ee \u00fb berxwedan veguher\u00eenin n\u00fbkirin \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea. Ev rast b\u00fb bi taybet\u00ee di sedsal\u00ean 19 \u00fb 20an de, dema ku r\u00eaj\u00eem\u00ean siyas\u00ee y\u00ean l\u00eeberal derfet dan neraz\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb n\u00eeqa\u015f\u00ea \u00fb ev p\u00eavajoyan b\u00fbn sedem ku guhartin\u00ean gir\u00eeng \u00e7\u00eabibin \u00fb s\u00eestem\u00ean abor\u00ee jin\u00fbve werin avakirin.<\/p>\n

Di her carek\u00ea de ku \u00e7avd\u00ear\u00ean civak\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fb\u00een\u00ee li ser bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea kirin, ji Karl Marx \u00fb Friedrich Engels dest p\u00ea kir, kap\u00eetal\u00eezm jin\u00fbve xwe ava kir \u00fb zind\u00ee ma. H\u00eaz\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean cih\u00eareng ne ten\u00ea ji bo may\u00eena w\u00ea b\u00fbn, l\u00ea bel\u00ea r\u00eay\u00ean n\u00fb ji bo z\u00eadekirina hilber\u00een \u00fb berfirehkirina belavkirin\u00ea j\u00ee afirandin. Heta \u00eero, di demek\u00ea de ku gelek kes bi b\u00eah\u00eav\u00ee li kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea din\u00earin, d\u00eeroka w\u00ea derfeta n\u00fbkirin\u00ea \u00fb guhartina er\u00ean\u00ee di hundur\u00ea xwe de hildigre.<\/p>\n

Bazirgan \u00fb dewlet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sven Beckert her\u00ee z\u00eade bi pirt\u00fbka xwe ya “\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb: D\u00eerokeke C\u00eehan\u00ee” ya sala 2014an ku xelat wergirtiye, t\u00ea naskirin. Ev pirt\u00fbk \u00e7\u00eerokeke destan\u00ee ya p\u00ea\u015fve\u00e7\u00fbna p\u00ee\u015fesaziya pemb\u00fb \u00fb rola w\u00ea di avakirina aboriya c\u00eehan\u00ee de p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike. W\u00ea xebat\u00ea r\u00ea li ber pirt\u00fbka w\u00ee ya n\u00fbtir vekir, \u00a0ku t\u00ea de n\u00ear\u00eena xwe bi awayek\u00ee berfirehtir \u00fb k\u00fbrtir p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f dike.<\/p>\n

Beckert kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee “p\u00eavajoyeke gerd\u00fbn\u00ee” bi nav dike ku t\u00ea de jiyana abor\u00ee, di bingeh de, ji h\u00eala komb\u00fbna domdar a sermayeya bi kontrola taybet ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin, ku ji h\u00eala dewlet\u00ea ve t\u00ea avakirin \u00fb her ku di\u00e7e berfireh dibe, ber bi bazirgan\u00eekirina t\u00eaketin \u00fb derketin\u00ea ve dibe,” p\u00eavajoyek ku \u015f\u00fbna gelek away\u00ean din \u00ean r\u00eaxistinkirina hilber\u00een, ked \u00fb t\u00eakiliy\u00ean civak\u00ee girtiye. Ev p\u00eanase dih\u00eale ku ew di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya berfireh a v\u00ea destkeftiya mezin de, ji Bengal\u00ea bigire heya Buenos Aires\u00ea \u00fb ji Marco Polo di sal\u00ean 1380y\u00ee de bigire heya grev\u00ean madenan li Midlands a Keyaniya Yekb\u00fby\u00ee heft sedsalan \u015f\u00fbnda, derbas bibe.<\/p>\n

Ber\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea j\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eest heb\u00fbn. \u00c7\u00eeroka kevne\u015fop a derketina kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea li ser bajarb\u00fbna Ewropaya serdema nav\u00een \u00fb derketina \u00e7\u00een\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee disekine, y\u00ean ku di encam\u00ea de pergal\u00ean feodal hilwe\u015fandin.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea Sven Beckert, berovaj\u00ee v\u00ea \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ea ye ku destp\u00eak\u00ea ne ji Ewropay\u00ea ye , l\u00ea ji bazirgan\u00ean Yeman\u00ea di sedsala 12an de destp\u00ea dike li bendera Aden be\u015fek b\u00fb ji toreke berfireh a bender\u00ean Okyan\u00fbsa Hind\u00ee ku t\u00ea de bazirgan \u00fb deyndar gelek heb\u00fbn.<\/p>\n

Van bazirganan am\u00fbr\u00ean daray\u00ee y\u00ean wek bilet\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee (kambiyal\u00eat) p\u00ea\u015fxistin, \u00a0ku rengek\u00ee p\u00ea\u015fket\u00ee y\u00ea krediy\u00ea b\u00fb, herwiha \u015fer\u00eeket\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee y\u00ean d\u00fbr \u00fb dir\u00eaj afirandin. Ev p\u00eavajoy\u00ea b\u00fb sedem ku sermaye berhev bibe, ku dikare were dey\u00eenkirin, veberh\u00eanankirin an j\u00ee xerckirin.<\/p>\n

Di demek\u00ea de ku van p\u00eavajoyan li cih\u00ean din j\u00ee xuya dib\u00fbn, di nav de be\u015f\u00ean ji Ewropay\u00ea, di v\u00ea qonaxa destp\u00eak\u00ea de kap\u00eetal\u00eest li gelek komb\u00fbn\u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea heb\u00fbn, l\u00ea h\u00eaz \u00fb \u015fiyana wan ne t\u00ear\u00ea nedikir ku kar\u00fbbar\u00ean pad\u00ee\u015fahiy\u00ean mezin y\u00ean ku li ser aboriya \u00e7andiniy\u00ea ava b\u00fbne kontrol bikin.<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee sala 1500an, \u00a0ti\u015ftek\u00ee taybet di navbera dewlet\u00ean rikber \u00ean Ewropaya rojavay\u00ee de p\u00eak hat. Sermaye ji am\u00fbrek\u00ee taybet ji bo p\u00eakan\u00eena bazirgan\u00ee \u00fb n\u00ee\u015fandana stat\u00fby\u00ea, b\u00fb \u00e7avkaniyek ku wek deyn ji dewletan re dihate day\u00een, da ku karibin art\u00ea\u015f \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean deryay\u00ee ava bikin. Ev hevalbendiya d\u00eerok\u00ee ya di navbera sermaye \u00fb navend\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee de, r\u00ea li ber veguher\u00eena wan ber bi \u00eemperatoriyan ve, vekir.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, bazirgan xwe dispart h\u00eaza dewletan ji bo parastina milk \u00fb sermayeya xwe, l\u00ea dewletan di bazirganan de ti\u015ftek d\u00eetin ku nikarib\u00fbn ji xwediy\u00ean erd\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea y\u00ean kevn werbigirin: Rezerv\u00ean perey\u00ea y\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00fb n\u00fbkir\u00ee ku dikarin ji bo paqijkirina erdan \u00fb avakirina binesaziy\u00ean berfireh b\u00ean bikaran\u00een, ji bender\u00ean parast\u00ee, h\u00eaz\u00ean deryay\u00ee bigire,\u00a0 heta art\u00ea\u015f\u00ean \u015fer\u00eeket\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee y\u00ean\u00a0 yekdestgir\u00ee ku li Asya \u00fb Amer\u00eekay\u00ea cih girtin.<\/p>\n

Perey\u00ea ku bazirgan bi dewletan ve gir\u00ea dida, ber\u00ee her ti\u015ft\u00ee, ji bazirgan\u00eekirina ked\u00ea dihat. Ev ji bo p\u00ea\u015fkeftina pergal\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest b\u00fb bingeh\u00een. Di sedsal\u00ean pa\u015f\u00een de, kap\u00eetal\u00eest d\u00ea ked\u00ea b\u00eatir bazirgan\u00ee bikin, m\u00eenak\u00ee bi dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirina erd\u00ean ber\u00ea vekir\u00ee, bi v\u00ee reng\u00ee jiyana komunal a xweser a cotkaran, ko\u00e7eran \u00fb gundiy\u00ean serbixwe hilwe\u015f\u00eenin, wan ne\u00e7ar bikin ku keda xwe bi m\u00fb\u00e7eyan bifro\u015fin \u00fb p\u00eadiviy\u00ean xwe ji bazar\u00ea bikirin. Kap\u00eetal\u00eestan ev yek bi wergirtina pi\u015ftgiriya monar\u015f, \u015fervanan, qan\u00fbndan\u00earan \u00fb h\u00eaz\u00ean ewlehiy\u00ea bi dest xistin.<\/p>\n

Sven Beckert \u00eed\u00eea dike ku pevguhertina di navbera bazirgan \u00fb pad\u00ee\u015fahan de, pi\u015ft\u00ee sala 1492yan di c\u00eehana Atlant\u00eek\u00ea de yekem cih\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ava kir, ku ew bi “kap\u00eetal\u00eezma \u015fer” t\u00ea binavkirin.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7ovey\u00ea de, Spanya \u00fb Portek\u00eez \u00fb pi\u015ft\u00ee wan Fransa, Holanda \u00fb \u00cengil\u00eestan, bi karan\u00eena zordariy\u00ea p\u00eevan\u00ean n\u00fb ferz dikirin, di demek\u00ea de ku \u015fer\u00ean li dij hevrik\u00ean xwe li deryay\u00ean vekir\u00ee \u00fb erd\u00ean d\u00fbr dime\u015fandin.<\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea s\u00eestema abor\u00ee de, dewlet\u00ean \u00ear\u00ee\u015fkar \u00fb berfirehkar derfet ji bo bazirganan peyda dikirin ku sermaye kom bikin \u00fb pa\u015f\u00ea ew sermaye di projey\u00ean taybetkirina erdan de bi kar dian\u00een, ku karkeran ji xweser\u00ee \u00fb serbixwey\u00ee d\u00fbr dixist. L\u00ea \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea h\u00een j\u00ee s\u00eenordar ma.<\/p>\n

Heta sala 1800an, Sven Beckert diniv\u00ees\u00ee ku “Be\u015fek mezin ji kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea bi \u00e7end girav\u00ean di nav deryayeke fireh a jiyana abor\u00ee de ku li dora prens\u00eeb\u00ean din hatib\u00fb organ\u00eezekirin, ve s\u00eenordar b\u00fb: Hilber\u00eena debara jiyan\u00ea, r\u00eaveberiya li ser bingeha bac\u00ea \u00fb neb\u00fbna hema b\u00eaje bi tevah\u00ee ya mezinb\u00fbna abor\u00ee.”<\/p>\n

L\u00ea di demeke kurt de, be\u015f\u00ean din \u00ean c\u00eehan\u00ea heman r\u00eabaz \u015fopandin. kap\u00eetal\u00eezma p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee di dawiya sedsala 18an de li bakur\u00ea Atlant\u00eek\u00ea derket hol\u00ea. Di encam\u00ea de, hilber\u00eena mak\u00eeney\u00ee civak guhartartin, \u00a0her wiha p\u00eaw\u00eestiya w\u00ea bi madey\u00ean xam j\u00ee ew guhart. H\u00eaza hilm\u00ea \u00fb karxaneyan b\u00fb sedem ku daxwaz li ser pemb\u00fb \u00fb komir z\u00eade bibe \u00fb meyla Ewropay\u00ea ber bi hundur\u00ea welatan ve z\u00eade kir, ji bo peydakirina f\u00eeber, xwarin \u00fb sotemeniy\u00ea. Pi\u015ft\u00ee 200 salan, berfirehb\u00fbna s\u00eenor\u00ea kel\u00fbpelan h\u00een j\u00ee berdewam e, di demek\u00ea de ku gelek aboriy\u00ean rojavay\u00ee ji p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea veguher\u00eene xizmetguzariy\u00ea, l\u00ea welat\u00ean din ber\u00ea xwe dane p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ti\u015ft\u00ea ku Beckert di n\u00eev sedsala daw\u00ee de j\u00ea re dib\u00eaje “kap\u00eetal\u00eezma neol\u00eeberal” \u015fahidiya ji n\u00fb ve avakirina dabe\u015fkirina navnetewey\u00ee ya kar kiriye \u00fb p\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00ee ji Ewropa \u00fb Amer\u00eekaya Bakur ber bi Asya \u00fb Amer\u00eekaya Lat\u00een\u00ee ve \u00e7\u00fbye. Peyva “neol\u00eeberal\u00eezm” behsa pa\u015fveki\u015f\u00eena dewlet\u00ea ji parastina karkeran \u00fb vekirina bazar\u00ean netewey\u00ee dike. Tor\u00ean daray\u00ee y\u00ean navnetewey\u00ee \u00fb f\u00eeloy\u00ean barkirina konteyneran b\u00fbne sedema z\u00eadeb\u00fbnek mezin di bazirganiya c\u00eehan\u00ee de, l\u00ea b\u00eap\u00ee\u015fesaz\u00eekirina kemer\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea li Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee \u00fb Ewropay\u00ea b\u00fbye sedema berteka popul\u00eest \u00fb neteweperest a hey\u00ee \u00fb vegera p\u00ea\u015fbaziya bi zor\u00ea di navbera h\u00eaz\u00ean reqabet\u00ea de. Mirov dikare v\u00ea yek\u00ea wek\u00ee “kap\u00eetal\u00eezma \u015fer 2.0” bi nav bike, bi tekez\u00ee li ser derxistina bi zor\u00ea, nakokiy\u00ean \u00e7avkaniyan \u00fb \u015fer\u00ean bazirganiy\u00ea y\u00ean ku bi nav\u00ea ewlehiya netewey\u00ee t\u00eane kirin.<\/p>\n

Dozeke binkeft\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00ea guman kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea dewlemendiyeke pir mezin hilberandiye, her \u00e7end gelek caran tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiyeke awarte \u00e7\u00eakiribe j\u00ee. Ji \u015eer\u00ean Napolyon\u00ee bigire heta \u015fer\u00ean bazirgan\u00ee y\u00ean Trump, GDPya c\u00eehan\u00ee ya ser\u00ea kes\u00ee deh qat z\u00eade b\u00fbye \u00fb temen\u00ea jiyan\u00ea s\u00ea qat z\u00eade b\u00fbye. L\u00ea d\u00eesa j\u00ee tund\u00fbt\u00fbj\u00ee t\u00ealeke domdar e ku di nav kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de derbas dibe. Wek\u00ee ku Beckert diniv\u00eese, “\u015eore\u015fa kap\u00eetal\u00eest asteke ec\u00eab a zor \u00fb tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiy\u00ea dihew\u00eene: desteserkirin\u00ean di asta mezin de, seferberiy\u00ean girsey\u00ee y\u00ean keda bi zor\u00ea, hov\u00eetiya li kargeh \u00fb zeviyan, hilwe\u015fandina b\u00earehm a aboriy\u00ean nekap\u00eetal\u00eest \u00fb derxistina mezin a \u00e7avkaniyan ji bo qezenca taybet.”<\/p>\n

Beckert kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee b\u00eaaram \u00fb her ku di\u00e7e berfireh dibe fam dike, ji ber ku ew bi berdewam\u00ee mirovan ji kontrola li ser am\u00fbr \u00fb armanc\u00ean hilber\u00een\u00ea vediqet\u00eene, da ku em term\u00eenolojiya marks\u00eest deyn bikin. Zext\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest cotkaran ji erd\u00ea derxistine \u00fb b\u00fbne sedema koletiya bi m\u00eelyonan. Di dema \u015eore\u015fa P\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea de, hejmara koledar\u00ean ku qehwe, pemb\u00fb, \u015fekir \u00fb ti\u015ft\u00ean din li Brez\u00eelya, Kuba \u00fb Dewlet\u00ean Yekb\u00fby\u00ee hildiberandin ji milyonek di sala 1770y\u00ee de giha\u015ft \u015fe\u015f milyon heta sala 1860y\u00ee – hejmareke pir mezintir ji proletaryaya karker a li kargeh\u00ean ewropay\u00ee y\u00ean w\u00ea dem\u00ea. Wek\u00ee ku Beckert dib\u00eaje, “Ji ber v\u00ea yek\u00ea, serdema z\u00ear\u00een a \u015eore\u015fa P\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de serdemeke z\u00ear\u00een a koletiy\u00ea b\u00fb.”<\/p>\n

Di heman serdem\u00ea de, \u00eedeolojiyeke modern a diyarker derket hol\u00ea. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm, wek\u00ee ku di sedsala 19an de derket hol\u00ea, bi dual\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ye: Tund\u00fbt\u00fbjiya endem\u00eek \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fketina b\u00eaguman. Di sedsala 19an de, dema ku h\u00eaz\u00ean rojavay\u00ee kap\u00eetal\u00eezm li \u00e7araliy\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea ferz kirin, wan mekan\u00eezmay\u00ean ji bo rewakirina zor\u00ea wek\u00ee rizgariy\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fxistin. Li \u00c7\u00een, Hindistan \u00fb hin dever\u00ean Afr\u00eekay\u00ea, h\u00eaz\u00ean ewropay\u00ee kampanyay\u00ean ferm\u00ee \u00fb neferm\u00ee me\u015fandin da ku civakan te\u015fw\u00eeq bikin ku h\u00eaz\u00ean bazar\u00ea y\u00ean b\u00ea r\u00eak\u00fbp\u00eak qeb\u00fbl bikin. Pir caran, ev yek wek\u00ee perdeyek ji bo tevger\u00ean tirsnak, wek\u00ee dabe\u015fkirina Afr\u00eekay\u00ea di navbera xwe de \u00fb ferzkirina peyman\u00ean neheq li ser \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, xizmet kir. Teor\u00eesyen\u00ean l\u00eeberal v\u00ea tevger\u00ea bi “normal\u00eezekirina” kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea parastin, ku bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea Beckert mebesta xwe ew b\u00fb ku ew israr dikin ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm pergalek e ku ji h\u00eala prens\u00eeb\u00ean abstrakt \u00fb dest\u00ean ned\u00eet\u00ee ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin, her \u00e7end ew bi baldar\u00ee ji h\u00eala \u00e7\u00eenek profesyonel a karmend \u00fb r\u00eavebiran ve t\u00ea r\u00eavebirin.<\/p>\n

Di sedsala 20\u00ee de, ew yek bi berfireh\u00ee hatib\u00fb qeb\u00fblkirin ku l\u00eeberal\u00eezm \u00fb kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ji hev nay\u00ean veqetandin. Bi z\u00eadeb\u00fbna xerckirina girsey\u00ee \u00fb k\u00fbrb\u00fbna bazar\u00ean kel\u00fbpel\u00ean wek\u00ee otomob\u00eel \u00fb kel\u00fbpel\u00ean domdar \u00ean xer\u00eedar ve, l\u00eeberal\u00ean \u015eer\u00ea Sar di t\u00eako\u015f\u00eena \u00eedeoloj\u00eek a li dij\u00ee komun\u00eezm \u00fb rad\u00eekal\u00ean C\u00eehana S\u00eayem\u00een de, avahiyeke rojavay\u00ee ku azadiya kir\u00een\u00ea \u00fb azadiya dengdan\u00ea bi hev re dikir yek, p\u00ea\u015f xistin. Hilwe\u015f\u00eena D\u00eewar\u00ea Berl\u00een\u00ea \u00fb hemb\u00eazkirina l\u00eeberal\u00eezma bazar\u00ea li gelek welatan, ku niha pir caran j\u00ea re Ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ee t\u00ea gotin, gelek l\u00eeberalan qane kir ku ew bi ser ketine.<\/p>\n

L\u00ea bel\u00ea ewforiya pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015eer\u00ea Sar z\u00fb winda b\u00fb. R\u00eaze\u015fok, ku bi kr\u00eeza daray\u00ee ya c\u00eehan\u00ee ya 2008an dest p\u00ea kir \u00fb aloziya li dora rizgarkirina bankay\u00ean mezin dema ku bi m\u00eelyonan kesan kar \u00fb mal\u00ean xwe winda kirin, baweriya l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea t\u00eak bir. P\u00eal\u00ean ko\u00e7beriy\u00ea ji Afr\u00eeka \u00fb Rojhilata Nav\u00een ber bi Ewropay\u00ea \u00fb ji Amer\u00eekaya Lat\u00een ber bi Amer\u00eekaya Bakur, ne ten\u00ea pergal\u00ean ko\u00e7beriy\u00ea dijwar kirin, l\u00ea di heman dem\u00ea de nirx\u00ean l\u00eeberal \u00ean bi pir\u00e7and\u00eeb\u00fbn \u00fb kozmopol\u00eet\u00eezm\u00ea ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee j\u00ee xistin ber pirsyar\u00ea. Bilindb\u00fbna \u00c7\u00een\u00ea, li ser hesab\u00ea karker\u00ean p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea li aboriy\u00ean p\u00ea\u015fkeft\u00ee, navek\u00ee xirab da global\u00eezasyon\u00ea j\u00ee. Hik\u00fbmet\u00ean neteweperest \u00fb gel\u00ear\u00ee li \u00e7araliy\u00ea c\u00eehan\u00ea bi berdewam\u00ee destkeftiy\u00ean demokrat\u00eek \u00ean ber\u00ea ji hol\u00ea rakirine. L\u00eeberal\u00eezm, ku ber\u00ea \u00eedeolojiya serkeft\u00ee ya sedsala 20\u00ee b\u00fb, niha xuya dike ku bi bin dikeve.<\/p>\n

Di sal\u00ean daw\u00ee de, gelek rexnegir, hem \u00e7ep \u00fb hem j\u00ee rast, li ser yek encam\u00ee li hev kirine: Ew dib\u00eajin ku l\u00eeberal\u00eezm dozek winda ye. Beckert israr dike ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm hewl dide ku b\u00eatir \u00fb b\u00eatir c\u00eehan \u00fb ezm\u00fbna mirovan bike bazirgan\u00ee, taybetmendiyek diyarker a pergal\u00ea ku pi\u015ftrast dike ku kevana d\u00eeroka kap\u00eetal\u00eest her gav ber bi hilwe\u015f\u00eena r\u00fbmet\u00ea \u00fb pi\u00e7\u00fbkkirina azadiy\u00ea ve \u00e7\u00fbye. \u00c7iqas\u00ee away\u00ean ku mirov li hember belavb\u00fbna h\u00eaza kap\u00eetal\u00eest li ber xwe didin cuda bin j\u00ee, serketin\u00ean wan her gav demk\u00ee b\u00fbn \u00fb \u00e7\u00eerok\u00ean wan bi dubare bi t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb radestb\u00fbn\u00ea bi daw\u00ee b\u00fbn. Her \u00e7end cotkaran li dij\u00ee dorp\u00ea\u00e7kirina erd\u00ea derketin, koleyan li Karay\u00eeban zeviy\u00ean \u015fekir \u015fewitandin \u00fb madenvan\u00ean br\u00eetan\u00ee bi pol\u00eesan re pev\u00e7\u00fbn, mantiqa qezenc\u00ea her gav di dawiy\u00ea de serdest b\u00fb. Tewra dekolon\u00eezasyon, ku dibe ku diyardeya her\u00ee gir\u00eeng a sedsala 20\u00ee be, guman\u00ean Beckert z\u00eade dike. Ew diniv\u00eese: “Civak\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee kolonyal\u00eezm\u00ea, b\u00ea \u00eest\u00eesna, berdewam kirin ku taybetmendiy\u00ean bingeh\u00een \u00ean projeya kolonyal p\u00ea\u015fve bibin.” Ji berhevkirina \u015fekir bigire heya berhevkirina daneyan, vegotina Beckert ji bo r\u00eay\u00ean alternat\u00eef ji bil\u00ee berhevkirina b\u00eanavber a c\u00eehan\u00ea \u00fb ni\u015ftecih\u00ean w\u00ea di xizmeta \u00e7\u00eakirina qezenc\u00ea ji bo \u00e7end kesan de c\u00eeh hindik dih\u00eale.<\/p>\n

Dem\u00ean ber\u00ea y\u00ean bik\u00earhat\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di v\u00ea vegotin\u00ea de, l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea ji bo pergaleke keysbazkar valvek ewlehiy\u00ea afirand. W\u00ea xeyala tevl\u00eab\u00fbn\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fk\u00ea\u015f kir di heman dem\u00ea de ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm h\u00eaz \u00fb dewlemend\u00ee di nav el\u00eetek pir pi\u00e7\u00fbk de kom kir. Qeyda dijberkirin\u00ea dijwar e. Gelek kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi pabendb\u00fbnek dudil a nirx\u00ean l\u00eeberal re b\u00fbn. Korporasyon\u00ean mezin \u00ean alman ji bo hilwe\u015fandina Komara Weimar ji h\u00eala naziyan ve \u015f\u00een negirtin. Dewlemend\u00ean super \u00ean Arjant\u00een\u00ea di dema d\u00eektatoriya welat\u00ea xwe de di sal\u00ean 1970y\u00ee de k\u00eafxwe\u015f b\u00fbn ku xwe bi generalan re biguher\u00eenin.<\/p>\n

N\u00ear\u00eena Beckert bi vegotina kevne\u015fop\u00ee, ku bi taybet\u00ee li welat\u00ean Rojavay\u00ee nas e, ya gir\u00eadana hundur\u00een a di navbera kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb azadiy\u00ea de, re nakok e. Ev raman dib\u00eaje ku l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm veguherand. Baweriya bi maf\u00ean takekes\u00ee, xweseriya kesane \u00fb maf\u00ea milk\u00ea mirovan ji hik\u00fbmet\u00ean ber\u00ea y\u00ean zordar \u00fb el\u00eet\u00ean \u00eemtiyazdar rizgar kir. V\u00ea \u00eedeolojiy\u00ea kiryar\u00ean dewlet\u00ea s\u00eenordar kir. Bi v\u00ea yek\u00ea, l\u00eeberal\u00eezm\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ram kir, her \u00e7end h\u00ead\u00ee h\u00ead\u00ee \u00fb neyeksan be j\u00ee. Par\u00eazer\u00ea her\u00ee berbi\u00e7av \u00ea v\u00ea helwesta abor\u00ee ya optim\u00eest Milton Friedman b\u00fb, ku arg\u00fbman dikir ku azad\u00ee \u00fb refah bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne; Hilbijartina kesane \u015fertek p\u00ea\u015f\u00een b\u00fb ji bo ge\u015fb\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea \u00fb ge\u015fb\u00fbna kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea j\u00ee, mirovan azad kir. Friedman \u00fb \u015fagirt\u00ean w\u00ee israr kirin ku saz\u00ee \u00fb siyaset\u00ean ku hilbijartina takekes\u00ee s\u00eenordar dikirin, ruh\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea difetis\u00eenin. B\u00ea guman, Friedman bi awayek\u00ee navdar weh\u015fet\u00ean nel\u00eeberal \u00ean e\u015fkere, wek\u00ee y\u00ean ku pi\u015ft\u00ee sala 1973yan li \u015e\u00eeliy\u00ea bi nav\u00ea l\u00eeberal\u00eezasyona bazar\u00ea hatin kirin, pa\u015fguh kir. Hilwe\u015f\u00eena daw\u00ee ya Yek\u00eetiya Sovyet\u00ea xuya b\u00fb ku n\u00ear\u00eena Friedman pi\u015ftrast dike. Gelek l\u00eeberal bi k\u00eafxwe\u015f\u00ee \u00eelan kirin ku kap\u00eetal\u00eezm ten\u00ea l\u00eestika li baj\u00ear e, ten\u00ea forma r\u00eaxistina abor\u00ee ye ku dikare azadiya kesane bipar\u00eaze.<\/p>\n

Ji bo ku mirov bizanibe kap\u00eetal\u00eezm \u00fb l\u00eeberal\u00eezm bi hev ve gir\u00eaday\u00ee ne, ne hewce ye ku mirov v\u00ea n\u00ear\u00eena optim\u00eest a saf qeb\u00fbl bike. Kap\u00eetal\u00eezm bi away\u00ean nerm p\u00ea\u015fketiye, nemaze di civak\u00ean l\u00eeberal de ku ji bo kes\u00ean k\u00eam bextyar derfet afirandine ku parek mezintir ji p\u00eet\u00ea bixwazin \u00fb ji bo welatiyan j\u00ee ku desthilatdariya siyas\u00ee ya mezintir bixwazin. L\u00eeberal\u00eezma siyas\u00ee bi vekirina qadan ji bo n\u00eeqa\u015f \u00fb genge\u015fiy\u00ea al\u00eekariya pergal\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest kiriye ku berxwed\u00eartir bibin. M\u00eenak\u00ee, di pergal\u00ean l\u00eeberal \u00ean li Kanada \u00fb Ewropay\u00ea de, karker\u00ean r\u00eaxistinkir\u00ee bandora her\u00ee mezin bi dest xistin \u00fb civak\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eest bi leza her\u00ee z\u00fb ji \u015fer rizgar b\u00fbn. Di s\u00ea dehsal\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee 1945an de, Ewropaya Rojava ji w\u00earankirina \u015eer\u00ea C\u00eehan\u00ea y\u00ea Duyem\u00een ba\u015fb\u00fbnek pir z\u00fb d\u00eet, ku mezinb\u00fbnek xurt a tevl\u00eaker \u00e7\u00eakir. Civak\u00ean cotkaran \u00ean ku reform\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea y\u00ean k\u00fbr p\u00eak an\u00een j\u00ee r\u00eajey\u00ean mezinb\u00fbn\u00ea y\u00ean bilind bi dest xistin: li Japonya \u00fb Koreya Ba\u015f\u00fbr, hilwe\u015fandina milk\u00ean mezin \u00ean erd\u00ea bi r\u00eaya reform\u00ean erd\u00ea ji bo mezinb\u00fbna pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer wek\u00ee bereket derket hol\u00ea. Berevaj\u00ee v\u00ea, li Amer\u00eekaya Lat\u00een\u00ee di sal\u00ean 1970y\u00ee de, veki\u015f\u00eena rej\u00eem\u00ean otor\u00eeter ji reform\u00ean \u00e7andiniy\u00ea y\u00ean sal\u00ean 1950 \u00fb 1960y\u00ee b\u00fb ku mezinb\u00fbn\u00ea h\u00ead\u00ee kir \u00fb b\u00fb sedema tengasiy\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Herwiha di bin rej\u00eem\u00ean l\u00eeberal \u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer de li Ewropay\u00ea b\u00fb ku \u00eemparator\u00ee dest bi hilwe\u015f\u00een\u00ea kirin \u00fb dekolon\u00eezasyon lez girt. Hilwe\u015fandina \u00eemparatoriyan \u00fb belavb\u00fbna xwer\u00eavebirin\u00ea, di encam\u00ea de, \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean ku dabe\u015fkirina navnetewey\u00ee ya kar pi\u015ft\u00ee 1945an ji n\u00fb ve \u015fekil dan, \u00e7\u00eakirin. Veguher\u00eena jiyana rojane \u00fb bilindb\u00fbna navend\u00ean kir\u00een\u00ea \u00fb \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ean jiyana xer\u00eedaran li bajar\u00ean ge\u015fb\u00fby\u00ee y\u00ean wek\u00ee Bangkok \u00fb Nairobiy\u00ea w\u00eaney\u00ea kar\u00eekatur\u00ee y\u00ea kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea wek\u00ee sedemek t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbn \u00fb bextre\u015fiya b\u00eadaw\u00ee dixe ber pirsan, her \u00e7end bi m\u00eelyonan Tayland\u00ee \u00fb Kenyay\u00ee h\u00een j\u00ee ji bo dab\u00eenkirina debara xwe t\u00eadiko\u015fin. Di sala 1990\u00ee de, z\u00eadetir\u00ee du m\u00eelyar mirov di xizaniyek giran de dijiyan. Heta sala 2025-an, ev hejmar daket dora 800 m\u00eelyon\u00ee. K\u00eamkirina xizaniya giran di civak\u00ean pi\u015ft\u00ee kolonyal\u00eezm\u00ea de, nemaze li Asyay\u00ea, \u00e7\u00eab\u00fb, ku r\u00eajeya hilber\u00eena p\u00ee\u015fesaziy\u00ea ya gerd\u00fbn\u00ee di navbera 1970 \u00fb 2016an de ji dora 4% z\u00eade b\u00fb \u00fb giha\u015ft 40%. Veguhestina dewlemendiy\u00ea ji Atlant\u00eeka Bakur d\u00fbr, ji ber ku b\u00eatir civak di bazara gerd\u00fbn\u00ee de t\u00eane entegre kirin, nikare wek\u00ee “t\u00eak\u00e7\u00fbn” were \u015f\u00eerove kirin heya ku \u015fikandina dest\u00ea kolonyal\u00eezma kevin wek\u00ee trajediyek ney\u00ea hesibandin. Kapas\u00eeteya adaptey\u00ee ya kap\u00eetal\u00eezma l\u00eeberal aboriya c\u00eehan\u00ee ji n\u00fb ve saz kiriye \u00fb ev guhartin gengaz kiriye.<\/p>\n

Aloziy\u00ean xwer\u00fb y\u00ean di nav kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea de w\u00ea gur kirine, gelek guhertoy\u00ean w\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakirine \u00fb c\u00eehan\u00ea an\u00eene rew\u015feke gir\u00eaday\u00eeb\u00fbna hevdu. Du sedsal\u00ean daw\u00ee \u015fahidiya kapas\u00eeteya kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea dikin ku ahengek\u00ea bi pev\u00e7\u00fbn\u00ea re tevlihev bike da ku xwe ji n\u00fb ve biafir\u00eene. Ne v\u00eezyona tar\u00ee ya Beckert \u00fb ne j\u00ee ya pembe ya Friedman edalet\u00ea li tevliheviya v\u00ea tomar\u00ea nakin. Her du j\u00ee ji b\u00eer dikin ka \u00e7i bi rast\u00ee cih\u00eareng e li ser kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, nemaze di serdem\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean qa\u015fo l\u00eeberal de. Ger Carney rast be ku k\u00ealiya niha qutb\u00fbnek bi rabird\u00fby\u00ea re tems\u00eel dike, w\u00ea hing\u00ea ew rabird\u00fb, di tevliheviya paradoksal a l\u00eeberal\u00eezm \u00fb kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea, azad\u00ee \u00fb hiyerar\u015fiy\u00ea de, ew der e ku civak dikarin \u00e7avkaniy\u00ean n\u00fbjenkirina xwe bib\u00eenin.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jeremy Adelman (Foreign Affairs) Made bi ereb\u00ee j\u00ee heye \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 Nirxandinek der bar\u00ea pirt\u00fbka “\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb” de ya niv\u00eeskar Sven Beckert. C\u00eehan ketiye serdemek\u00ee \u015firovekirin\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fb\u00eeniy\u00ean siberoj\u00ea. Li gor\u00ee gelek l\u00eakol\u00eener \u00fb \u015firovekeran, s\u00eestema ku Amer\u00eeka pi\u015ft\u00ee bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna \u015eer\u00ea Sar, serperestiya w\u00ea dikir, mir. Pi\u015ft\u00ee r\u00fbxandeina Yekitiya Sovyet\u00ea, gelekan texm\u00een dikirin ku t\u00eakbirina […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":14437,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":[],"jnews_post_split":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[22,58],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[191],"class_list":["post-14436","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-manshet","category-pirtuk"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire? - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire? - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Jeremy Adelman (Foreign Affairs) Made bi ereb\u00ee j\u00ee heye \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 Nirxandinek der bar\u00ea pirt\u00fbka “\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb” de ya niv\u00eeskar Sven Beckert. C\u00eehan ketiye serdemek\u00ee \u015firovekirin\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fb\u00eeniy\u00ean siberoj\u00ea. Li gor\u00ee gelek l\u00eakol\u00eener \u00fb \u015firovekeran, s\u00eestema ku Amer\u00eeka pi\u015ft\u00ee bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna \u015eer\u00ea Sar, serperestiya w\u00ea dikir, mir. Pi\u015ft\u00ee r\u00fbxandeina Yekitiya Sovyet\u00ea, gelekan texm\u00een dikirin ku t\u00eakbirina […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-05-03T16:33:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"590\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"421\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1\"},\"headline\":\"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire?\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-03T16:33:31+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":4351,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Manshet\",\"PIRT\u00dbK\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire? - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-05-03T16:33:31+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/05\\\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg\",\"width\":590,\"height\":421,\"caption\":\"Pirt\u00fbka \\\"\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb\\\" ya l\u00eakol\u00eener Sven Beckert li ser veguher\u00een\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea di serdema ge\u015fb\u00fbna pemb\u00fb de n\u00eeqa\u015f dike.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/1-205\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire?\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/\",\"name\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"description\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1\",\"name\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g48edb19aea60f53bda6015f6c91c3761\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/nlka.net\\\/ku\\\/author\\\/editor\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire? - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire? - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","og_description":"Jeremy Adelman (Foreign Affairs) Made bi ereb\u00ee j\u00ee heye \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 Nirxandinek der bar\u00ea pirt\u00fbka “\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb” de ya niv\u00eeskar Sven Beckert. C\u00eehan ketiye serdemek\u00ee \u015firovekirin\u00ean k\u00fbr \u00fb p\u00ea\u015fb\u00eeniy\u00ean siberoj\u00ea. Li gor\u00ee gelek l\u00eakol\u00eener \u00fb \u015firovekeran, s\u00eestema ku Amer\u00eeka pi\u015ft\u00ee bidaw\u00eeb\u00fbna \u015eer\u00ea Sar, serperestiya w\u00ea dikir, mir. Pi\u015ft\u00ee r\u00fbxandeina Yekitiya Sovyet\u00ea, gelekan texm\u00een dikirin ku t\u00eakbirina […]","og_url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/","og_site_name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","article_published_time":"2026-05-03T16:33:31+00:00","og_image":[{"width":590,"height":421,"url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","Est. reading time":"16 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/"},"author":{"name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#\/schema\/person\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1"},"headline":"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire?","datePublished":"2026-05-03T16:33:31+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/"},"wordCount":4351,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg","articleSection":["Manshet","PIRT\u00dbK"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/","url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/","name":"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire? - Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg","datePublished":"2026-05-03T16:33:31+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#\/schema\/person\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2026-05-01-at-18.50.51.jpeg","width":590,"height":421,"caption":"Pirt\u00fbka \"\u00cemperatoriya Pemb\u00fb\" ya l\u00eakol\u00eener Sven Beckert li ser veguher\u00een\u00ean kap\u00eetal\u00eezm\u00ea di serdema ge\u015fb\u00fbna pemb\u00fb de n\u00eeqa\u015f dike."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/1-205\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u00c7ima kap\u00eetal\u00eezm namire?"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#website","url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/","name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","description":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/#\/schema\/person\/0f330c9617910fb271a0bbdec9aa27d1","name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g48edb19aea60f53bda6015f6c91c3761","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan"},"url":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/author\/editor\/"}]}},"authors":[{"term_id":191,"user_id":2,"is_guest":0,"slug":"editor","display_name":"Navenda Kurd\u00ee ya L\u00eakol\u00eenan","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/f37474a774f6e97b11e8600f301c0f7105fbe0028453c48e0b2da7a323435eef?s=96&d=mm&r=g","0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14436","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14436"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14436\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14440,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14436\/revisions\/14440"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14437"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14436"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14436"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14436"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/nlka.net\/ku\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=14436"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}